Reverse electrodialysis

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology has grown significantly in the last decade, gaining a fast increase in its technology readiness level and presenting some interesting examples of RED pilot systems operating under very different real environments. In this chapter, an overview of technological developments and piloting examples are reported. In particular, a short introduction is given on the historical trend of RED technology growth, followed by a careful analysis of which feed solutions can be adopted and how these can affect the process performance, potentials, and applications. Most prominent fluid dynamics aspects for the RED process are presented, highlighting how these…