Anti-inflammatory effect of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extract through the downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages

Abstract The aim of this study was to enhance the anti-inflammatory potential of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extract (GSE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The total phenol content of GSE was 112.66 mg GAE/g in Carignan, 142.33 mg GAE/g in Merlot and 161.66 mg GAE/g in Syrah. GSE contained 12 phenol compounds including 8 flavan-3-ols (catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, procyanidin b1, procyanidin b4, procyanidin b2), 3 flavonols (kaempferol, myricitrinand quercetin) and only 1 phenolic acid (gallic acid). GSE significantly suppressed the gene expression and protein secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), induc…