6533b7d1fe1ef96bd125d85e

RESEARCH PRODUCT

Metabolism of third generation synthetic cannabinoids using zebrafish larvae.

subject

description

Synthetic cannabinoids are the second largest group of new psychoactive substances reported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in the last decade and case reports bring attention to its high potency effects and its severe toxicity, including fatalities. Moreover, synthetic cannabinoids are usually entirely metabolized and metabolic pathways for many new generation synthetic cannabinoids are still unknown. In this study, the metabolism of five third generation synthetic cannabinoids were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as 24-hours in vivo model studied within 5 days after fertilization. The studied synthetic cannabinoids were MMB-CHMICA, ADB-CHMICA, ADB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMCZCA, and NNL-3, and the respective metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven, six, fourteen, eleven, and four metabolites were identified for MMB-CHMICA, ADB-CHMICA, ADB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMCZCA, and NNL-3, respectively, and metabolic pathways have been proposed. The use of zebrafish larvae, with a high degree of physiological and genetic homology to humans is an emerging tool very useful for the identification of metabolic pathways of psychoactive substances. Results obtained in this study compared well with metabolites obtained previously for the same target molecules or structural analogous after in vitro incubation with human or rat hepatocytes. Thus, potential biomarkers for the evaluated compounds are the O-demethylated metabolite for MMB-CHMICA, the oxidative deamination to hydroxyl metabolite for ADB-CHMICA, hydroxyl metabolites at cyclohexylmethyl, tert-butyl, and indazole moieties for ADB-CHMINACA, hydroxyl metabolites at carbazole core, tert-butyl, or cyclohexylmethyl tail moieties for MDMB-CHMCZCA, and amide hydrolyzed, defluorinated and dihydroxilated metabolite for NNL-3.