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RESEARCH PRODUCT

Cnidarian inflammatory reaction and bioactive molecules: from multifunctional role to cultural heritage applications

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description

The renewed interest in the study of genes of immunity in Cnidaria has led to additional information to the scenario of the first stages of immunity evolution revealing the cellular processes involved in symbiosis, in the regulation of homeostasis and in the fight against infections. We investigated the inflammatory response in Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), following injection of various substances different in type and dimension, and observed clear, strong and specific reactions especially after injection of bacteria. The enzymes evaluation (protease, phosphatase and esterase), showing how the injection of different bacterial strains alters the expression of these enzymes suggesting a correlation between the appearance of the inflammatory reaction and the modification of enzymatic activities. Utilizing specialized penetrating nematocysts, cnidarians inject the nematocyst content or “venom” that initiates toxic and immunological reactions in the envenomed organism. These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. They could also take advantage of the multi-functionality of some of their toxins. The bioactive molecules were characterized and purified by biological assays, acid extraction, HPLC purifications, mass spectroscopy and peptide synthesis. Here, we show the cnidarian type of toxins regarding also to their multifunctional role as, for example, antimicrobial peptide and the future possibility of drawing important applications in fields ranging from pharmacology to cultural heritage. In particular, concerning biocleaning and antimicrobial growth control, representing a valid alternative to the traditional methods according to green restoration procedures for restoration of cultural heritage, safe for both operators and environment. Biomolecules from Cnidarians have been tested to control the fungal growth, mimicking the relining of ancient/degraded paintings. Promising results were obtained from these molecules in order to control microbial colonies, growth in liquid media and on glue paste-canvas specimens.