6533b862fe1ef96bd12c7680

RESEARCH PRODUCT

Pathways of Cell Infection by Parvoviruses and Adeno-Associated Viruses

subject

description

Animal viruses have developed various strategies for infecting cells, and all begin with adsorption to cell surface receptors, penetration into the cytosol, uncoating or release of the viral genome, and targeting the genome and any required accessory proteins toward the correct cellular organelle or compartment for replication (26, 48, 63). Since genome delivery and release require the rearrangement of the viral structures, infection is normally a multistep process involving various viral and cellular components. Viruses that replicate in the nucleus must have mechanisms for transporting the genome and other components to the vicinity of the nuclear pore and into the nucleus (84). The endosomal pathways of the cell are used by many viruses; vesicles are transported by microtubule-dependent motors through the cytoplasm. Nucleus-replicating viruses may require cytoskeleton-driven transport of the capsid or of viral components mediated by either microtubules or actin or, in some cases, by both structures (39, 66). Nuclear transport of viral components involves signal-mediated interactions with the nuclear import machinery (84). While enveloped viruses enter the cell by glycoprotein-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a cellular membrane, much less is known about the entry of most nonenveloped viruses, but capsid-dependent mechanisms for penetrating the cell membrane or lysing endosomes are likely to be involved.