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RESEARCH PRODUCT

Long-lived Rossby wave trains as precursors to strong winter cyclones over Europe

subject

description

The statistical connection between strong surface cyclones over Europe and long-lived upper-tropospheric Rossby wave trains is examined for the Northern Hemisphere winter season using 45 years of reanalysis data. Dates are selected for which the surface pressure anomaly over Central Europe is below a threshold yielding the 5% of lowest values. Composites of upper tropospheric meridional wind for these dates (including a lead or lag in time) display clear signs of a wave train. The composite wave train lives for over two weeks and propagates eastward over more than 360° longitude. The phase speed of individual lows and highs, by contrast, is close to zero and the same is true for the composite surface low. There is a pronounced northward shift of the wave train as it propagates over the North American East coast. Although this composite wave train is statistically highly significant, there is large scatter about the mean. An index is defined that quantifies the similarity of the upper-tropospheric meridional wind pattern for an arbitrary date with the composite wave train for a certain lead or lag. Given large positive values of the index, there is an enhanced probability of a strong surface cyclone over Central Europe a few days later. Comparison with a previous study focusing on Pacific cyclones shows noteworthy differences.