Search results for " Coding"
showing 10 items of 139 documents
Symptoms and the body: Taking the inferential leap
2017
The relationship between the conscious experience of physical symptoms and indicators of objective physiological dysfunction is highly variable and depends on characteristics of the person, the context and their interaction. This relationship often breaks down entirely in the case of "medically unexplained" or functional somatic symptoms, violating the basic assumption in medicine that physical symptoms have physiological causes. In this paper, we describe the prevailing theoretical approach to this problem and review the evidence pertaining to it. We then use the framework of predictive coding to propose a new and more comprehensive model of the body-symptom relationship that integrates ex…
Context-dependent minimisation of prediction errors involves temporal-frontal activation
2020
According to the predictive coding model of perception, the brain constantly generates predictions of the upcoming sensory inputs. Perception is realised through a hierarchical generative model which aims at minimising the discrepancy between predictions and the incoming sensory inputs (i.e., prediction errors). Notably, prediction errors are weighted depending on precision of prior information. However, it remains unclear whether and how the brain monitors prior precision when minimising prediction errors in different contexts. The current study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to address this question. We presented participants with repetition of two non-predicted probes embedded in cont…
Might exogenous circular RNAs act as protein-coding transcripts in plants?
2021
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are regulatory molecules involved in the modulation of gene expression. Although originally assumed as non-coding RNAs, recent studies have evidenced that animal circRNAs can act as translatable transcripts. The study of plant-circRNAs is incipient, and no autonomous coding plant-circRNA has been described yet. Viroids are the smallest plant-pathogenic circRNAs known to date. Since their discovery 50 years ago, viroids have been considered valuable systems for the study of the structure-function relationships in RNA, essentially because they have not been shown to have coding capacity. We used two pathogenic circRNAs (Hop stunt viroid and Eggplant latent viroid) as …
Online Consultations Between General Practitioners and Psychiatrists in the Netherlands
2021
Objective: To examine the nature and scope of questions about psychiatric patient cases submitted by general practitioners (GPs) to an established online consultation platform and to determine if they could have been answered by consulting existing clinical guidelines.Methods: All anonymized psychiatric cases submitted by GPs to the online electronic Prisma platform between September 2018 and November 2019 were examined in a mixed-methods study. Descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis were used, followed by axial coding to arrive at overarching themes to characterize cases.Results: Of the 136 included cases, 44.1% concerned female patients and about half concerned patients …
Extended GT-STAF information indices based on Markov approximation models
2013
Abstract A series of novel information theory-based molecular parameters derived from the insight of a molecular structure as a chemical communication system were recently presented and usefully employed in QSAR/QSPRs (J. Comp. Chem, 2013, 34, 259; SAR and QSAR in Environ. Res. 2013, 24). This approach permitted the application of Shannon’s source and channel coding entropic measures to a chemical information source comprised of molecular ‘fragments’, using the zero-order Markov approximation model (atom-based approach). This report covers the theoretical aspects of the extensions of this approach to higher-order models, introducing the first, second and generalized-order Markov approximati…
Ultrafast Long-Distance Quantum Communication with Static Linear Optics
2015
We propose a projection measurement onto encoded Bell states with a static network of linear optical elements. By increasing the size of the quantum error correction code, both Bell measurement efficiency and photon-loss tolerance can be made arbitrarily high at the same time. As a main application, we show that all-optical quantum communication over large distances with communication rates similar to those of classical communication is possible solely based on local state teleportations using optical sources of encoded Bell states, fixed arrays of beam splitters, and photon detectors. As another application, generalizing state teleportation to gate teleportation for quantum computation, we…
Toward a model for students’ combinatorial thinking
2021
Abstract Combinatorics has many applications in different disciplines, however, only a few studies have explored students’ combinatorial thinking at the upper secondary and tertiary levels concurrently. The present research is a grounded theory study of eight Year 12 and five undergraduate students, who have participated in semi-structured interviews and responded to eight combinatorial tasks. Three types of combinatorial tasks were designed: combinatorial reasoning, evaluating, and problem-posing tasks. In the open coding phase of data analysis, seventy-one codes were identified which categorized into seven main categories at the axial coding phase. At the selective coding phase, five rela…
Prior precision modulates the minimisation of prediction error in human auditory cortex
2018
AbstractThe predictive coding model of perception proposes that successful representation of the perceptual world depends upon cancelling out the discrepancy between prediction and sensory input (i.e., prediction error). Recent studies further suggest a distinction between prediction error associated with non-predicted stimuli of different prior precision (i.e., inverse variance). However, it is not fully understood how prediction error from different precision levels is minimised in the predictive process. The current research used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine whether prior precision modulates the cortical dynamics of the making of perceptual inferences. We presented participant…
A New Multicast Technique for Video Transmission over ABR Services in ATM Networks
2000
Multicast techniques are the only way to simultaneously provide flows of information from one source to several destinations. The intention of this paper is to study and to evaluate different multicast techniques using a video coder based on an adaptive video compression algorithm with subband coding and a best effort network service like ATM with the Available Bit Rate (ABR) service. This video transmission can adapt faster and easily to changing network conditions. In this way, we present an evaluation process for a determined network configuration. Thereafter we discuss the results obtained by simulation and propose for this video transmission a trade-off between these multicast techniqu…
An Introduction to Computational Complexity
2016
This chapter is not strictly about algebra. However, this chapter offers a set of mathematical and computational instruments that will allow us to introduce several concepts in the following chapters. Moreover, the contents of this chapter are related to algebra as they are ancillary concepts that help (and in some cases allow) the understanding of algebra.