Search results for " DAMAGE"

Class Actions or Collective Redress: The Need for an Efficient European Tool

2014

Collective redress makes sense both in court-based litigation and in alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Yet while the courts generally have a good sense of collective redress (though arguably there is room for improvements), in the second framework, there are some contradictions from a dogmatic point of view. When collective interests come up in conflict, judicial coercion and a judicial structure are often needed to resolve the conflict. In addition, the absence of a voluntary agreement, especially from the abuser’s side, makes it more difficult to resolve conflicts using ADR. The future EU Directive in Consumer Collective Redress aims to bring a new era to the field. In this paper, I s…

Fatigue Design Methodology for Large Mooring Chains Subjected to Out-of-Plane Bending

2014

The present paper presents a fatigue life prediction method for chains subjected to tension and Out-of-Plane-Bending (OPB). The investigation was carried out on a high strength mooring chain segment with a diameter of 165 mm and a steel quality R5. Such chains are used in mooring systems for large Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units in harsh weather condition. Due to the fact that the mooring chains are pre-tensioned the wave induced displacements will introduce secondary bending effects about the weak axis in the chain links, particularly in the bilge hang-off area. In such chains both conventional tension fatigue and fatigue damage accumulation due to Out-of-Plane-Bend…

Specific detection of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in phytoplankton DNA by a non-radioactive assay based on T4-endonuclease V digestion.

2001

The effect of artificial and natural UV irradiation on DNA in marine phytoplankton Isochrysis galbana monoculture was investigated. The presence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in unlabelled I. galbana DNA was detected by a non-radiometric alkaline filter elution assay after T4-endonuclease V digestion. The quantity of CPDs was estimated by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. Precise determination of the amount of DNA in the presence of I. galbana pigments was achieved by oxazole yellow homodimer (YOYO) dye. T4-endonuclease V-sensitive sites frequency (ESS/kb), measured after exposure to 2-40 kJ m(-2) of artificial UV light, increased in a dose-dependent manner. Twelve hours after…

Uncertainty in urban flood damage assessment due to urban drainage modelling and depth-damage curve estimation

2010

Due to the increased occurrence of flooding events in urban areas, many procedures for flood damage quantification have been defined in recent decades. The lack of large databases in most cases is overcome by combining the output of urban drainage models and damage curves linking flooding to expected damage. The application of advanced hydraulic models as diagnostic, design and decision-making support tools has become a standard practice in hydraulic research and application. Flooding damage functions are usually evaluated by a priori estimation of potential damage (based on the value of exposed goods) or by interpolating real damage data (recorded during historical flooding events). Hydrau…

Endurance Exercise Causes Mild Bronchial Epithelial Damage in Humans.

2009

Detection of primary DNA damage: applicability to biomonitoring of genotoxic occupational exposure and in clinical therapy

1995

The biological effect of putative genotoxic chemicals in the work place environment was monitored in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of exposed workers. DNA strand breaks, alkali-labile sites of DNA and DNA cross-links were measured using the alkaline filter elution method. A dose dependent increase in DNA damage was found in sterilization workers exposed to ethylene oxide and metal workers with exposure towards N-nitrosodiethanolamine. Two subpopulations with different response to the external exposure were found in nonsmoking sterilization workers. Nurses handling antineo-plastic agents without adequate safety provisions showed a statistically significantly higher rate of DNA strand br…

Analysis of DNA single-strand breaks in human venous blood: a technique which does not require isolation of white blood cells.

1997

For DNA strand break analysis in human white blood cells, usually metrizoate-Ficoll centrifugation is used to isolate mononuclear cells. This procedure is time-consuming and requires at least 20 ml of blood per sample. Therefore, we developed a technique which does not require isolation of white blood cells prior to DNA strand break analysis by alkaline elution (direct method). The sensitivity of this new technique was compared to that of the standard method, which includes isolation of mononuclear blood cells. A statistically significant increase in sensitivity was observed using the direct method. After in vitro gamma-irradiation of venous blood, an increase in the elusion rate of 7.7 × 1…

Recombinant expression of human microsomal epoxide hydrolase protects V79 Chinese hamster cells from styrene oxide- but not from ethylene oxide-induc…

1997

Styrene 7,8-oxide and ethylene oxide are widely used genotoxic bulk chemicals, which have been associated with potential carcinogenic hazard for occupationally exposed workers. Both epoxides alkylate DNA preferentially at the N-7 position of guanine and consequently produce single-strand breaks and alkali labile sites in the DNA of exposed cells. In order to study the role of human microsomal epoxide hydrolase (hmEH) in protecting cells against genotoxicity of styrene 7,8-oxide and ethylene oxide, we expressed the cDNA of hmEH in V79 Chinese hamster cells. We obtained a number of cell clones that expressed functionally active epoxide hydrolase. Among these, the clone 92hmEH-V79 revealed an …

Novel mechanism for the radiation-induced bystander effect: nitric oxide and ethylene determine the response in sponge cells.

2006

Until now the bystander effect had only been described in vertebrates. In the present study the existence of this effect has been demonstrated for the phylogenetically oldest metazoan phylum, the Porifera. We used the demosponge Suberites domuncula for the experiments in the two-chamber-system. The lower dish contained irradiated "donor" cells (single cells) and the upper dish the primmorphs ("recipient" primmorphs). The "donor" cells were treated with UV-B light (40 mJ/cm2) and 100 microM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), factors that exist also in the natural marine aquatic environment of sponges; these factors caused a high level of DNA strand breaks followed by a reduced viability of the cells.…

I criteri di determinazione del danno nelle model rules e nel diritto comune europeo

2011

The article describes the many criteria that actually determine recoverable damages in contract, analysing similarities and differences among European legal systems and in Model Rules. In the second part, it identifies shared criteria and verify how they can be translated in a future European contract law.