Search results for " Emission"

A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo

2021

This paper presents the gravitational-wave measurement of the Hubble constant (H 0) using the detections from the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detector network. The presence of the transient electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star GW170817 led to the first standard-siren measurement of H 0. Here we additionally use binary black hole detections in conjunction with galaxy catalogs and report a joint measurement. Our updated measurement is H 0 = km s-1 Mpc-1 (68.3% of the highest density posterior interval with a flat-in-log prior) which is an improvement by a factor of 1.04 (about 4%) over the GW170817-only value of km s-1 Mpc-1. A significant …

Gas manifestations of Greece: Catalogue, geochemical characterization and gas hazard definition

2015

Like other geodynamically active areas, Greece is affected by a large number of geogenic gas manifestations. These occur either in form of point sources (fumaroles, mofettes, bubbling gases) or as diffuse emanations. We produced a first catalogue of the geogenic gas manifestations of Greece also considering few literature data. Collected samples were analysed for their chemical (He, Ne, Ar, O2, N2, H2, H2S, CO, CH4 and CO2) and isotopic composition (He, C and N). Most of the sampled gas manifestation are found along the South Aegean active volcanic arc (32 sites) and in the majority they belong to the CO2 dominated group. Very few gas manifestations, N2- or CH4- dominated, are found along t…

The fluids’ geochemistry along the "Sperchios Basin - Northern Evoikos Gulf" Graben, a geodynamically complex area of Central Greece

2013

Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions.

2017

Aviation-related aerosol emissions contribute to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds that can alter upper tropospheric radiation and water budgets, and therefore climate1. The magnitude of air-traffic-related aerosol–cloud interactions and the ways in which these interactions might change in the future remain uncertain. Modelling studies of the present and future effects of aviation on climate require detailed information about the number of aerosol particles emitted per kilogram of fuel burned and the microphysical properties of those aerosols that are relevant for cloud formation. However, previous observational data at cruise altitudes are sparse for engines burning conventional fuel…

Greenhouse gases from wastewater treatment — A review of modelling tools

2016

Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from wastewater treatment that contribute to its carbon footprint. As a result of the increasing awareness of GHG emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), new modelling, design, and operational tools have been developed to address and reduce GHG emissions at the plant-wide scale and beyond. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and the recently developed tools used to understand and manage GHG emissions from WWTPs, and discusses open problems and research gaps. The literature review reveals that knowledge on the processes related to N2O formation, especially due to autotrophic biomass, is still incompl…

Eco-Efficiency of the English and Welsh Water Companies: A Cross Performance Assessment

2021

Analyzing costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be of great importance for the water utilities to supply water services in a healthy and sustainable manner. In this study, we measured the eco-efficiency of several water utilities in England and Wales by incorporating GHG as an undesirable output. For the first time, we evaluated the eco-efficiency of the water production process using robust cross-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques. The further use of clustering and regression techniques allowed us to better understand the drivers of eco-efficiency. The results showed that the mean eco-efficiency of the water sector was 0.748, which indicates that costs and GHG e…

THE INFLUENCE OF LANDFILL FEATURES AND SIDE SLOPES ON METHANE EMISSION RATES

2011

Sanitary landfills for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal have been identified as one of the most important sources of methane (CH4) emissions; indeed, MSW contains a certain amount of biodegradable organic matter which undergoes anaerobic degradation resulting in the production of the so called landfill gas (LFG), which main component is typically represented by CH4. In general, LFG will escape through any faults in the landfill capping or in the LFG collection system. If the capping is not damaged, low quantities of LFG will be emitted through the permeable material that covers the disposed waste. On the other hand, some zones of the capping are often more permeable than others (e.g. si…

Welche Eigenschaften machen ein Neuroleptikum "atypisch"?

2001

Die Gruppe der “atypischen” Neuroleptika ist keine einheitliche Substanzklasse, sondern sowohl nach pharmakologischen als auch nach klinischen Kriterien sehr heterogen. Die Ubergange von dem prototypischen “atypischen” Neuroleptikum Clozapin zu den “konventionellen” Neuroleptika erscheinen fliesend. Anhand der praklinischen Besonderheiten dieser Substanzen und ihrer Charakteristika in SPECT- und PET-Studien werden die wesentlichen Konzepte diskutiert, die man heute fur die “Atypie” eines Neuroleptikums verantwortlich macht. Dazu zahlen insbesondere der kombinierte Antagonismus von D2-artigen Dopamin- und 5-HT2-Serotoninrezeptoren und die praferentielle Beeinflussung mesolimbischer dopaminer…

The effects of anthropogenic particulate emissions on roadway dust and Nerium oleander leaves in Messina (Sicily, Italy)

2003

Complementary studies on the inorganic chemical composition of Nerium oleander leaves collected in the town of Messina (Sicily, Italy) and seven grain-size fractions of local roadway dust have been carried out. Data and maps are presented to show that the particulate matter present in the air of Messina contains trace elements significantly in excess with respect to the average continental earth crust. The anomalies follow the outline of the urban area, the highest concentrations of trace elements being observed where traffic density is highest. Chemical and isotopic analyses of both road dust and Nerium oleander leaves indicate that Pb contamination still characterizes roads with heavy tra…

Photochemical Synthesis of Water-Soluble Gold Nanorods: The Role of Silver Ions in Assisting Anisotropic Growth

2009

The role of Ag+ ions in the ultraviolet-driven photochemical synthesis of Au nanorods (NRs) in aqueous surfactant mixtures has been investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism that drives anisotropic nanoparticle growth. The samples, grown in the presence of varying amounts of Ag+ ions for scheduled irradiation times, have been characterized by ultraviolet−visible−near infrared (UV−vis−NIR) absorption spectroscopy, analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. Moreover, the time evolution of size and shape distribution has been investigated by stat…