Search results for " IMMUNITY"

Age, pathogen exposure, but not maternal care shape offspring immunity in an insect with facultative family life

2017

International audience; Background: To optimize their resistance against pathogen infection, individuals are expected to find the right balance between investing into the immune system and other life history traits. In vertebrates, several factors were shown to critically affect the direction of this balance, such as the developmental stage of an individual, its current risk of infection and/or its access to external help such as parental care. However, the independent and/or interactive effects of these factors on immunity remain poorly studied in insects.Results: Here, we manipulated maternal presence and pathogen exposure in families of the European earwig Forficula auricularia to measur…

Introduction. Ecological immunology.

2009

12 pages; International audience; An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly complex and clearly will have been moulded by the organism's ecology. The aim of this review and the theme issue is to examine the role of different ecological factors on the evolution of immunity. Here, we will provide a general framework of the field by contextualizing the main ecological factors, including interactions with parasites, other types of biotic as well as abiotic interactions, intraspecific selective constraints (life-history trade-offs, sexual selection) and popula…

A combined proteomic and immunologic approach for the analysis of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and adult worm protein extracts and the detection of …

2011

International audience; Understanding the mode of Schistosoma mansoni larval invasion and the mechanism of immune evasion utilized by larvae and adult worms is essential for a rational development of vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease. This parasite has a very complex molecular organization in all parasite stages, and identifying the major parasite proteins would give clues to schistosome metabolism and to the interaction of the parasite with the host immune system. Our goal was the evaluation of the protein parasite repertoire using a proteomic approach, and the characterization of protein extracts from two different parasite stages of a Venezuelan isolate, such as cercariae …

Induced resistance as a strategy for vineyard protection

2012

National audience; As most grown grapevine Vitis vinifera varieties are susceptible to diseases such as downy and powdery mildews, numerous treatments are required to ensure a satisfactory yield and harvest quality. However, the use of phytochemical fungicides has serious drawbacks: some of them are potentially harmful for the environment and human health and contribute to the selection of resistant pathogen strains. Nowadays, in an objective of sustainable viticulture, there is increasing societal request, political incitation and winegrower’s awareness to reduce the use of pesticides. For these reasons, alternative strategies of protection are under research. In our laboratory, we are stu…

Comment stimuler l’immunité de la vigne avec des éliciteurs

2013

Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils the shared and the distinct cytotoxic hallmarks of human TCRVδ1 and TCRVδ2 γδ T lymphocytes

2019

γδ T lymphocytes represent ∼1% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and even more cells in most tissues of vertebrates. Although they have important anticancer functions, most current single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies do not identify γδ T lymphocytes because their transcriptomes at the single-cell level are unknown. Here we show that high-resolution clustering of large scRNA-seq datasets and a combination of gene signatures allow the specific detection of human γδ T lymphocytes and identification of their T cell receptor (TCR)Vδ1 and TCRVδ2 subsets in large datasets from complex cell mixtures. In t -distributed stochastic neighbor embedding plots from blood and tumor sa…

ÉTUDE DES CELLULES LYMPHOÏDES INNÉES SPLÉNIQUES HUMAINES ET DE LEURS IMPLICATIONS AU COURS DE LA THROMBOPÉNIE IMMUNOLOGIQUE

2018

ÉTUDE DES CELLULES LYMPHOÏDES INNÉES SPLÉNIQUES HUMAINES ET DE LEURS IMPLICATIONS AU COURS DE LA THROMBOPÉNIE IMMUNOLOGIQUEDe découverte récente, les ILC ont été caractérisées comme cellules effectrices de l’immunité innéecapables de moduler les réponses lymphocytaires T et B dans les muqueuses. Cependant, leur rôle ausein des organes lymphoïdes chez l’Homme au cours des maladies auto-immunes n’a pas été étudié.La thrombopénie immunologique est une maladie auto-immune responsable d’une destructionpériphérique des plaquettes associée à une production médullaire inadaptée. La rate joue un rôlecentral dans la physiopathologie en étant le site principal de la destruction des plaquettes et du ma…

Evolutionary ecology of the trans-generational immune priming in an insect

2012

Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) is defined as the plastic enhancement of offspring's immunocompetence following an immune challenge of the females of the parental generation. In vertebrates, this phenomenon is well described, and is achieved by the maternal transfer of antibodies. In invertebrates however, it has only recently been described. Since invertebrates do not possess antibodies, the mechanism of this transmission remains unknown. If the offspring is exposed to the maternal infection, an elevated immunocompetence can help it cope better with it. Nonetheless, apart from this benefit, several cues indicate that the TGIP bears some fitness costs for individuals. The evolution…

Microglia and α-synuclein implication in Parkinson's disease

2011

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease take an enormous toll on individuals and on society. Despite extensive efforts, Parkinson’s disease remains incurable and only very limited treatments exist. Indeed, Parkinson’s pathogenesis is still not clear and research on its molecular mechanisms is ongoing. In this study, we focused our interest on two abnormal events occurring in Parkinson’s patients, namely α-synuclein aggregation and microglial activation. We first investigated α-synuclein and its abnormal polymerisation. For this purpose, we developed novel methods, which allowed the in vitro production of different types of α-synuclein oligomers. Using highly sensiti…

Nuclear involvement of the Cell Division Cycle 48 protein during the plant immune response

2023

The control of protein homeostasis, a balance between their synthesis and degradation, also called proteostasis, is essential for cell survival. Any imbalance of the proteome, for instance triggered by a stress, leads to an accumulation of misfolded proteins leading to proteotoxic stress that can induce cell death. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a major actor in the selective degradation of misfolded proteins to preserve proteome balance.The chaperone-like Cdc48 is a member of the AAA+ ATPase enzyme family which isconserved in mammals (VCP), yeasts and plants (Cdc48: Cell Division Cycle 48/p97).Cdc48/VCP is a cytosolic and nuclear protein which segregates misfolded proteins fromsu…