Search results for " Innate"

Possible Roles of IL-33 in the Innate-Adaptive Immune Crosstalk of Psoriasis Pathogenesis

2019

Background. IL-33 belongs to the IL-1 family, playing a role in several biologic processes as well as in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including skin pathologies. It acts as an alarmin, released by damaged cells. Binding to a ST2 receptor, it stimulates many immune cells such as ILC2 and Th2 cells. IL-33/ST2 axis seems to be involved in Th17 response. According to this, a review was performed to analyze if IL-33 even interplay in the onset of psoriasis, a Th1/Th17 inflammatory disease. Methods. Data obtained from the included articles are study author name, publication date, group studied, clinical and biological variables, laboratory tests, and outcome of interest of the study. R…

Evolutionary conserved pathway of the innate immune response after a viral insult in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin

2019

Despite the apparent simplicity of the body organization of echinoderms, their immune system is competent to perform a complex innate immune response, which is far from being well understood. The echinoderms represent the most advanced invertebrates that form a bridge with the primitive chordates. In fact, they possess numerous receptors and effectors that are used to obtain a fast immune response. After an infection, the humoral and cellular immune response determines a network in which the main protagonists are membrane and endosomal receptors. The recognition of nonself molecules by specific membrane receptors triggers the immune response, stimulating consecutive intracellular events. We…

ILCs and T Cells Competing for Space: More Than a Numbers Game.

2017

T cell homeostasis critically depends on interleukin-7 (IL-7). In this issue of Immunity, Martin et al. (2017) provide evidence that IL-7 availability is regulated through a "cytokine sink" involving innate lymphoid cells that compete for and consume IL-7 and thereby restrict T cell homeostasis in lymphoid organs.

Constrained evolvability of interferon suppression in an RNA virus.

2016

AbstractInnate immunity responses controlled by interferon (IFN) are believed to constitute a major selective pressure shaping viral evolution. Viruses encode a variety of IFN suppressors, but these are often multifunctional proteins that also play essential roles in other steps of the viral infection cycle, possibly limiting their evolvability. Here, we experimentally evolved a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mutant carrying a defect in the matrix protein (M∆51) that abolishes IFN suppression and that has been previously used in the context of oncolytic virotherapy. Serial transfers of this virus in normal, IFN-secreting cells led to a modest recovery of IFN blocking capacity and to weak …

Antiviral Properties of Chemical Inhibitors of Cellular Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins

2017

Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensiti…

A putative antiviral role of plant cytidine deaminases

2014

[Background]: A mechanism of innate antiviral immunity operating against viruses infecting mammalian cells has been described during the last decade. Host cytidine deaminases (e.g., APOBEC3 proteins) edit viral genomes, giving rise to hypermutated nonfunctional viruses; consequently, viral fitness is reduced through lethal mutagenesis. By contrast, sub-lethal hypermutagenesis may contribute to virus evolvability by increasing population diversity. To prevent genome editing, some viruses have evolved proteins that mediate APOBEC3 degradation. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes nine cytidine deaminases ( AtCDAs), raising the question of whether deamination is an antiviral mec…

Natural killer cell activity as a prognostic parameter in the progression to AIDS.

1988

Neuroimmune Activation and Myelin Changes in Adolescent Rats Exposed to High-Dose Alcohol and Associated Cognitive Dysfunction: A Review with Referen…

2014

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess whether intermittent ethanol administration to adolescent rats activates innate immune response and TLRs signalling causing myelin disruption and long-term cognitive and behavioural deficits. Methods: We used a rat model of intermittent binge-like ethanol exposure during adolescence. Results: Binge-like ethanol administration to adolescent rats increased the gene expression of TLR4 and TLR2 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as inflammatory cytokines TNF alpha and IL-1 beta. Up-regulation of TLRs and inflammatory mediators were linked with alterations in the levels of several myelin proteins in the PFC of adolescent rats. These events were assoc…

Lack of requirement for CD8+ cells in recovery from and resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

1995

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. Active disease is mediated by myelin basic protein specific CD4+T-cells, whose adoptive transfer can also induce passive disease. In the Lewis rat EAE is a transient disease inducing lasting resistance to rechallenge. The mechanisms of recovery and resistance are poorly understood. CD8+suppressor T-cells have mostly been thought to be central, especially in resistance to reinduction of the disease. In this study we showed by complete depletion of CD8+cells that this subset does not influence either recovery or resistance to EAE in the Lewis rat. This was further confirmed by depleting …

Natural and adoptive T-cell immunity against herpes family viruses after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

2011

Reactivated infections with herpes family-related cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and varicella zoster virus are serious and sometimes life-threatening complications for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogenesis of these infections critically involves the slow and inefficient recovery of antiviral T-cell immunity after transplantation. Although efficient drugs to decrease viral load during this vulnerable period have been developed, long-term control of herpes viruses and protection from associated diseases require the sufficient reconstitution of virus-specific memory T cells. To heal the deficiency by immunotherapeutic means, numerous re…