Search results for " Innate"

Development, Differentiation, and Diversity of Innate Lymphoid Cells

2014

Recent years have witnessed the discovery of an unprecedented complexity in innate lymphocyte lineages, now collectively referred to as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are preferentially located at barrier surfaces and are important for protection against pathogens and for the maintenance of organ homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of ILCs has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Recent evidence suggests that ILCs can be grouped into two separate lineages, cytotoxic ILCs represented by conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and cytokine-producing helper-like ILCs (i.e., ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s). We will focus here on current work in humans and mice th…

Dendritic cell-derived IL-12p40 homodimer contributes to susceptibility in cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice

2007

Abstract Protection against Leishmania major in resistant C57BL/6 mice is mediated by Th1 cells, whereas susceptibility in BALB/c mice is the result of Th2 development. IL-12 release by L. major-infected dendritic cells (DC) is critically involved in differentiation of Th1 cells. Previously, we reported that strain differences in the production of DC-derived factors, e.g., IL-1αβ, are in part responsible for disparate disease outcome. In the present study, we analyzed the release of IL-12 from DC in more detail. Stimulated DC from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice released comparable amounts of IL-12p40 and p70. In the absence of IL-4, BALB/c DC produced significantly more IL-12p40 than C57BL/6 DC. D…

Regulatory T Cells More Effectively Suppress Th1-Induced Airway Inflammation Compared with Th2

2011

Abstract Asthma is a syndrome with different inflammatory phenotypes. Animal models have shown that, after sensitization and allergen challenge, Th2 and Th1 cells contribute to the development of allergic airway disease. We have previously demonstrated that naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs) can only marginally suppress Th2-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In this study, we investigated nTreg-mediated suppression of Th2-induced and Th1-induced acute allergic airway disease. We demonstrate in vivo that nTregs exert their suppressive potency via cAMP transfer on Th2- and Th1-induced airway disease. A comparison of both phenotypes revealed that, despite …

Finnish salmon resistant to Gyrodactylus salaris: a long-term study at fish farms.

1996

Abstract The occurrence of Gyrodactylus salaris on Baltic salmon ( Salmo salar ), sea trout ( S. trutta m. trutta ) and brown trout ( S. trutta m. lacustris ) was examined from 1984 to 1993 at 4 fish farms (A, B, C and D) that produce smolts for stocking in northern Finland. No G. salaris was found on the sea or brown trout, but it did occur on salmon for 6–7 years at farms B, C and D, the prevalences of infection being 9.5%, 17.7% and 8.8% for salmon yearlings and smolts during that time, respectively, but less than 1.2% for fingerlings at farms B and C. Only brood stock salmon were infected at farm A in 4 years. The abundances of G. salaris increased during the second winter of each year …

IL-4 depletion enhances host resistance and passive IgA protection against tuberculosis infection in BALB/c mice.

2007

The influence of Th2 cytokines in tuberculosis has been a matter of dispute. Here we report that IL-4 has a profound regulatory effect on the infection of BALB/c mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Depletion of IL-4 with a neutralizing mAb caused only evanescent reduction of lung infection, but when combined with i.n. inoculations of IgA anti-mycobacterial alpha-crystallin mAb and mouse rIFN-gamma, we observed a 40-fold reduction of the bacterial counts in the lungs at 3 wks following i.n. infection (p<0.001). In genetically deficient IL-4-/- BALB/c mice, infection in both lung and spleen was substantially reduced for up to 8 wks without further treatment. Reconstitution of IL-4-/- mice w…

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, a Key Modulator of the Anti-Tumor Immune Response

2021

During tumor growth, angiogenesis is required to ensure oxygen and nutrient transport to the tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major inducer of angiogenesis and appears to be a key modulator of the anti-tumor immune response. Indeed, VEGF modulates innate and adaptive immune responses through direct interactions and indirectly by modulating protein expressions on endothelial cells or vascular permeability. The inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway is clinically approved for the treatment of several cancers. Therapies targeting VEGF can modulate the tumor vasculature and the immune response. In this review, we discuss the roles of VEGF in the anti-tumor immune respon…

Regulation of NOS expression in vascular diseases

2020

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are the major sources of nitric oxide (NO), a small bioactive molecule involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. One of the most prominent functions of NO is regulation of vasodilatation and thereby control of blood pressure. Most important for vascular tone is NOS3. Endothelial NOS3-generated NO diffuses into the vascular smooth muscle cells, activates the soluble guanylate cyclase resulting in enhanced cGMP concentrations and smooth muscle cell relaxation. However, more and more evidence exist that also NOS1 and NOS2 contribute to vascular function. We summarize the current knowledge about the regulation of NOS expression in the vasculature by tra…

Specific expression of antimicrobial peptide and HSP70 genes in response to heat-shock and several bacterial challenges in mussels

2007

Abstract Defensin, mytilin and myticin are antimicrobial peptides (AMP) involved in mussel innate immunity. Their in vitro antibacterial activity is different according to the targeted bacterial species. To determine if this specificity is correlated to different regulations of gene expressions, adult mussels were challenged in vivo with either Vibrio splendidus LGP32, Vibrio anguillarum , Micrococcus lysodeikticus or by heat shock. RNAs were isolated from circulating hemocytes and AMP mRNAs were quantified by Q-PCR using 28S rRNA as housekeeping gene. In addition, HSP70 gene expression was also quantified as representing non-specific response to stress. In naive mussels, the three AMP mRNA…

Comment stimuler l’immunité de la vigne avec des éliciteurs

2013

Induced resistance in grapevine: from concept to vineyard application

2012

SPE IPM Chapitre 11; International audience