Search results for " Integra"
showing 10 items of 2527 documents
Does the GATT/WTO promote trade? After all, Rose was right
2019
This paper re-examines the effect of the GATT/WTO on trade using recent econometric developments that allow us estimating structural gravity equations with the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. By doing so, we overcome computational limitations that are present in previous studies. In line with Rose’s (Am Econ Rev 94:98–114, 2004) seminal work, we find that, unlike regional trade agreements and currency unions, the GATT/WTO accession has not generated positive trade effects. This result is robust to the use of alternative measures of trade flows, across periods and country groups, to changes in the p…
Assessing the Enlargement and Deepening of the European Union
2008
This paper estimates a theoreticallymotivated gravity model to examine the effect of the European Union (EU) on trade and whet her the order of entry has affected the trade performance of member countries. Additionally, we analyse the impact of the diffe rent phases of EU integration on trade. The results show that both original countries and successive enlargements boost intra-b loc trade. Moreover, the results suggest that the deepening in the integration process has led to more trade creation among members. Finally, only the latter ph ase of the European integration process (the single currency) has increased trade with non-members.
How Electoral Institutions Change the Influence of World Trade Integration on Trade Policies
2014
World integration levels influence opportunity costs of maintaining restrictive national trade policies. In an integrated world, restrictive trade policies are more costly than in a context of low overall levels of world market integration. We argue that policy makers can be expected to react to these varying incentives to liberalize the trade regimes of their countries, yet do so not in a uniform fashion across countries. Rather, the responsiveness to changes in levels of world trade integration is conditional upon the electoral system the country in question employs. This is due to the fact that opportunity cost considerations increase in importance with a) the degree to which policy make…
Public Support for TTIP in EU Countries: What Determines Trade Policy Preferences in a Salient Real-World Case?
2016
Attitudes towards international economic integration are usually measured via survey questions on preferences for free trade in general, arguably in contexts of low salience of international economic integration in the public mind. Drawing on three recent rounds of Eurobarometer surveys that contain information on citizens’ attitudes towards a free trade and investment agreement between the EU and the USA, this paper seizes the opportunity to re-examine individual-level preferences towards international economic integration with regard to a specific real-world case of relatively high political salience, i.e. TTIP. While past research has explained preferences towards trade primarily via mod…
Europäische Handels- und Agrarpolitik gegenüber Afrika Mit einem kritischen Blick auf den Beitrag der Wirtschaftswissenschaften
2018
Abstract European trade policy with Africa is in deep trouble. We observe a triple policy failure. (1) The EU tries to draw African partner countries into comprehensive deep integration agreements, far more than these countries can arguably support. (2) For trade in goods, safeguard clauses in the EPAs are patchy. They cannot satisfy African needs for smart protection of agricultural and industrial businesses. Facing the refusal of some African governments to sign, the EU has no answer. Ensuing fragmentation of African regional economic communities is a disaster. Rapid repair work of the existing regional EPA drafts looks more promising than a grand solution with the new African Continental…
Common fixed point theorems of integral type for OWC mappings under relaxed condition
2017
In this paper, we prove a common fixed point theorem for a pair of occasionally weakly compatible (owc) self mappings satisfying a mixed contractive condition of integral type without using the triangle inequality. We prove also analogous results for two pairs of owc self mappings by assuming symmetry only on the set of points of coincidence. These results unify, extend and complement many results existing in the recent literature. Finally, we give an application of our results in dynamic programming.
Region Community in Communication Theory
2014
The aim of the report is to determine how local and regional newspapers represent local communities and how their communicative integration has been promoted. Mass media, establishing community cognition about its existence, involvement into the community, identification and belonging to the community, represent a perfect model of interaction between community and communication. During the content analysis of the press publications of local newspapers of Latgale region the typological characteristics and classification are emphasized, the role of the press in the development of the region inhabitants is defined, the direction and structure of the editorial board activities, newspapers’ cont…
Troubled Multiculturalisms and Disrupted Secularities: Religion and Social Integration ‘Crises’ in North Western Europe in Comparative Perspective
2013
These quotations give a sense of the range of themes addressed in this book. Since the turn of the millennium, European societies have been shaken by the re-emergence of religion as a contested factor in public life, arguably part of a worldwide pattern, but taking distinctive form in this most secular part of the world (Norris and Inglehart 2011: 85–9). In this introduction, and again in the conclusion, the European cases which lie at the heart of this book will be situated in the context of broader global developments, in order to better understand the politics of religion in today’s religiously diverse but differently secular societies.
Northern Ireland: Sectarianism, Civil Society and Democratic Deepening
2013
The main aim of this chapter is to provide an overview and evaluation of evidence of efforts at peace-building at the level of civil society (rather than political processes, where most analyses have focused) in Northern Ireland, particularly since the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) of 1998. How successful have attempts, at the level of civil society, by the people of Northern Ireland, the Irish and British governments, the EU and US governments and other actors been in creating community cohesion in a society with a long history of social and political division? In particular, what has been the role of cross-community and religious groups in these efforts? A second aim is to begin to articula…
Interrelation Between European Union Protection and National Protection
2014
In addition to registration requirements, registration procedure, and the protection of registered IGOs, namely PDOs and PGIs, as well as protected indications of origin (within the Aromatised Wines Regulation), the EU law on IGOs also includes the regulation of other aspects. Competence of state institutions of EU Member States to ensure the observance of the regulation of IGOs as it is provided in the EU law or interrelation with other EU legal acts relating to IGOs already discussed in Part II of this book should be mentioned among such aspects.