Search results for " Meter"
showing 10 items of 123 documents
A PERFORMANCE-BASED TOOL FOR PRIORITISING WATER METER SUBSTITUTION IN A URBAN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
2011
User water consumption is usually measured by volumetric water meters. Water meters also provide indispensable data used by the utilities for issuing bills, obtaining the system water balance, identifying failures in the network, water theft and anomalous user behaviour. Therefore, the utilities rely on such instruments for the technical and economic management of water systems. Despite their importance, water meters are characterised by relevant intrinsic errors that are responsible for a part of so-called apparent losses, i.e. water volumes reaching a final user without being accounted for. The aim of this paper is to provide a water meter management tool that analyses the meters performa…
Effect of Zr4+Doping on the Electrical Properties of BaTiO3Ceramics
2011
The BaZrxTi1-xO3 for 0⩽x⩽15 ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method and were determined by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for crystallographic, surface morphological and compositional studies. A single phase with perovskite structure was identified in the samples at room temperature. No significant impurities were detected in an EDS spectrum and the samples are in good stoichiometric ratio. The temperature dependence of electric conductivity was evaluated in the temperature range from 300 to 550 K for a selected frequency by a HP4284 LCR meter. The activation energy was calculated from the Arrhenius plots.
Temporal weights in the perception of sound intensity: Effects of sound duration and number of temporal segments
2018
Loudness is a fundamental aspect of auditory perception that is closely related to the physical level of the sound. However, it has been demonstrated that, in contrast to a sound level meter, human listeners do not weight all temporal segments of a sound equally. Instead, the beginning of a sound is more important for loudness estimation than later temporal portions. The present study investigates the mechanism underlying this primacy effect by varying the number of equal-duration temporal segments (5 and 20) and the total duration of the sound (1.0 to 10.0 s) in a factorial design. Pronounced primacy effects were observed for all 20-segment sounds. The temporal weights for the five-segment…
Noise risk assessment in a bottling plant of a modern Italian winery
2014
In the wine industry, bottling is a phase of the production cycle characterized by high levels of noise, mostly owing to repeated collisions between the bottles. In Italy, the Law Decree 81/2008 defined the requirements for assessing and managing noise risk, identifying a number of procedures to be adopted at different noise levels to limit worker exposure. This study was aimed at evaluating the equivalent and peak noise level inside the bottling plant area of a modern Italian winery. In particular, the influence of the working capacity (number of bottles produced per hour) on noise levels was evaluated. Three test conditions were considered: T1 with a working capacity of 4000 bottles/h; T2…
Design methodology for submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR): A case study
2015
[EN] The main objective of this study is to propose guidelines for designing submerged anaerobic MBR (AnMBR) technology for municipal wastewater treatment. The design methodology was devised on the basis of simulation and experimental results from an AnMBR plant featuring industrial-scale hollow-fibre membranes. The proposed methodology aims to minimise both capital expenditure and operating expenses, and the key parameters considered were: hydraulic retention time, solids retention time, mixed liquor suspended solids concentration in the membrane tank, 20 C-standardised critical flux, specificgas demand per square metre of membrane area, and flow of sludge being recycled from the membrane …
Experimental conditions for respiration and growth studies of F0 and F1 larval and juvenile European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax
2022
Water parameters in the 2 years before spawning of F0 (08.02.2016-06.03.2018) and during larval and juvenile phase of F1: Larval period until 17.05.2018 (48 dph, 900 dd) and 01.06.2018 (63 dph, ~900 dd) for warm and cold life condition respectively, for the juveniles until 28.09.2018 (180 dph, ~4000 dd) and 12.02.2019 (319 dph, ~5100 dd) for warm and cold conditioned fish respectively. Means ± s.e. over all replicate tanks per condition. Temperature (Temp.), pH (free scale), salinity, oxygen and total alkalinity (TA) were measured weekly in F1 and monthly in F0; sea water (SW) measurements were conducted in 2017 and 2018. Water parameters during larval and early juvenile phase of F0: Larval…
Salbutamol Transport and Deposition in the Upper and Lower Airway with Different Devices in Cats: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach
2021
Simple Summary Administration of inhaled salbutamol via metered-dose inhalers can effectively treat bronchoconstriction. Different devices are used for the delivery of this drug in cats, either in the hospital or at home, for long-term treatment. Effective drug administration may depend on the drug delivery device as well as patient cooperation. By using non-invasive computational fluid dynamics techniques, the impact of these devices on the deposition and transport of salbutamol particles in the cat airways was simulated and assessed. The results confirm a variable drug distribution depending on the device used. The percentage of particles reaching the lung was reduced when using spacers a…
A new low cost power line communication solution for smart grid monitoring and management
2018
Modern smart grids require the improvement of measurement and communication infrastructures of distribution networks, at both medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) levels. Distributed sensing and measurement systems are needed to provide all necessary data for grid monitoring, control and management, as well as for the implementation of a number of smart functionalities, such as remote control of distributed generators (DGs), real time analysis of power flows, automatic meter reading (AMR), demand side management (DSM), grid automation and so on [1]-[6]. Acquired network data include typical electrical network quantities and status variables (such as powers, voltages, currents, switches …
A new PLC-based smart metering architecture for medium/low voltage grids: Feasibility and experimental characterization
2018
Abstract This paper investigates the feasibility of a smart metering architecture for modern power grids in the smart cities framework. A particular focus is made on Automatic Meter Reading, with the aim of facing some costs and safety drawbacks of current solutions (such as dependence from wireless communication providers, reliability problems in bad weather conditions, and exposition to cyber-attacks). The proposed architecture exploits power line communications (PLC) at both low and medium voltage level, thanks to new devices and an innovative medium voltage PLC coupling system. The new coupling solution and the whole smart metering architecture are experimentally verified in a wide freq…
Autonomous Demand Side Management of Electric Vehicles in a Distribution Grid
2019
The electricity demand due to the increasing number of EVs presents new challenges for the operation of the electricity network, especially for the distribution grids. The existing grid infrastructure may not be sufficient to meet the new demands imposed by the integration of EVs. Thus, EV charging may possibly lead to reliability and stability issues, especially during the peak demand periods. Demand side management (DSM) is a potential and promising approach for mitigation of the resulting impacts. In this work, we developed an autonomous DSM strategy for optimal charging of EVs to minimize the charging cost and we conducted a simulation study to evaluate the impacts to the grid operation…