Search results for " RED"

Algorithmic approaches to Siegel's fundamental domain

2017

Siegel determined a fundamental domain using the Minkowski reduction of quadratic forms. He gave all the details concerning this domain for genus 1. It is the determination of the Minkowski fundamental domain presented as the second condition and the maximal height condition, presented as the third condition, which prevents the exact determination of this domain for the general case. The latest results were obtained by Gottschling for the genus 2 in 1959. It has since remained unexplored and poorly understood, in particular the different regions of Minkowski reduction. In order to identify Siegel's fundamental domain for genus 3, we present some results concerning the third condition of thi…

Synthesis and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of reduced compounds derived from 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone.

1989

Abstract A series of thirty two 6-hydroxylated steroids were synthesized by selective reduction of the 4–5 double bond, the 3-oxo group, and/or the 20-oxo group of 6α- and 6β-hydroxyDOC. The different reactions leading to the production of specific isomers are discussed. The gas chromatographic and spectrometric characteristics of the methoxime-trimethylsilyl (MO-TMS) or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the isomers obtained are given. The gas chromatographic separation of the syn- and anti -isomers of the methoxime in position 3 was found to be characteristic of the configuration of the hydroxyl in position 6. The difference between methylene unit values of syn- and anti- isomers is much…

Lapsuuden kuvaaminen Zora Neale Hurstonin novelleissa John Redding goes to sea ja Drenched in light

2008

Lipid-lowering drug use in Italian primary care: effects of reimbursement criteria revision

2008

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the prescribing pattern of lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) changed after reimbursement criteria revision in a general practice in southern Italy. METHODS: From the Caserta-1 Local Health Service database, 93 general practitioners (GPs) who had consistently sent data about their patients during the years 2003-2005 were recruited. Prevalence of use and incidence of new treatments were calculated for each year, stratified by three drug cohorts: statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and fibrates. Subanalyses by gender, age, and indication of use were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 1-year prevalence of LLD use increased from 2003 to 2004. After reimbursement criteria revision (Nove…

Combined pharmacological treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

1990

Combined therapy of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using a non-systemically acting drug (bile acid sequestrants) and a systemically acting one is frequently employed in clinical practice. A brief review of this topic is presented, with particular emphasis on the use of cholestyramine combined with pravastatin, a new HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.

Number of drugs used in secondary cardiovascular prevention and late survival in the population of Valencia Community, Spain.

2019

Abstract Background Drug treatment for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is recommended by guidelines, but it is not always followed in real life. This study wanted to assess the size of this gap and its impact on mortality in subjects after a cardiovascular event (MACE). Methods Patients with any of MACE in the period from January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2013, and more than one year of follow-up were selected from population of the Valencian Community. Drugs for secondary prevention were antiplatelets, renin-angiotensin system blockers and statins. Assessment of treatment was performed one year after the initial event. Mortality risk was assessed using Cox by the number of d…

An overview of statin-induced myopathy and perspectives for the future

2020

Introduction: Statins remain the most commonly prescribed lipid-lowering drug class for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Their well-recognized side effects are known as statin-associated muscle symptom (SAMS). Some advances in this field have been made in recent years, but the understanding of the mechanisms has lagged. Investigating the specific role of the anti-HMGCR autoantibody, pharmacokinetic genetic variants, characterization of the known phenotypes of statin toxicity, in relation to clinical markers of disease, is of high importance. Areas covered: We summarized currently available findings (on PubMed) related to SAMS and discussed the therapeutic approaches,…

Drug-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of man, rat, and pig.

2007

The mammalian skin has long been considered to be poor in drug metabolism. However, many reports clearly show that most drug metabolizing enzymes also occur in the mammalian skin albeit at relatively low specific activities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on drug metabolizing enzymes in the skin of human, rat, and pig, the latter, because it is often taken as a model for human skin on grounds of anatomical similarities. However only little is known about drug metabolizing enzymes in pig skin. Interestingly, some cytochromes P450 (CYP) have been observed in the rat skin which are not expressed in the rat liver, such as CYP 2B12 and CYP2D4. As far as investigated most d…

Adverse drug reaction and organ damage: the liver

2016

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is among the most challenging acute or chronic liver conditions to be handled by physicians. Despite its low incidence in the general population, DILI is a frequent cause of acute liver failure. As such, the possibility of DILI should be considered in all patients who present with acute liver damage, independent of any known pre-existing liver disease. DILI can be classified as intrinsic/dose-dependent (e.g., acetaminophen toxicity) or idiosyncratic/dose-independent, with the latter form being relatively uncommon. Amoxicillin-clavulanate is the antimicrobial that is most frequently associated with idiosyncratic DILI. Large, ongoing, prospective studies in we…

LDL and HDL subfractions, dysfunctional HDL: treatment options.

2014

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while highdensity lipoproteins (HDL) are well recognized for their putative role in reverse cholesterol transport and other atheroprotective functions. Both LDL and HDL are heterogeneous in nature, including various subfractions depending on the method of isolation (≥ 7 LDL and 10 HDL subspecies, respectively). While it is established that small, dense LDL (sdLDL) have atherogenic potential, the role of different HDL subfractions is still largely unclear. The majority of clinical studies suggest an atheroprotective role of larger HDL particles, although recent work has highlighted the…