Search results for " Regulation"

Psychopathology of Alexithymia and Multiple Sclerosis

2015

The notion of alexithymia was introduced by Sifneos (Psychother Psychosom 22:255–62, 1973) to define a set of affective and cognitive characteristics observed in patients with psychosomatic diseases. Alexithymia appears to be a multidimensional and transnosographic concept ranging from normal to pathological, and it is important to regard alexithymia as a disorder of emotional regulation, which can be found in different populations and not only in somatic diseases.

Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 by UV irradiation is inhibited by wortmannin without affecting c-iun expression.

1999

Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs)/stress-activated protein kinases is an early response of cells upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents. JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun is currently understood to stimulate the transactivating potency of AP-1 (e.g., c-Jun/c-Fos; c-Jun/ATF-2), thereby increasing the expression of AP-1 target genes. Here we show that stimulation of JNK1 activity is not a general early response of cells exposed to genotoxic agents. Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with UV light (UV-C) as well as with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) caused activation of JNK1 and an increase in c-Jun protein and AP-1 binding activity, whereas antineoplastic drugs such as mafosfamide, mito…

Do Tr1 cells play a role in immunotherapy?

1999

Synthesis of polyfluoroalkyl sp2-iminosugar glycolipids and evaluation of their immunomodulatory properties towards anti-tumor, anti-leishmanial and …

2019

Immunomodulatory glycolipids, among which α-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) is an iconic example, have shown strong therapeutic potential in a variety of conditions ranging from cancer and infection to autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases. A main difficulty for those channels is that they often provoke a cytokine storm comprising both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that antagonize each other and negatively affect the immune response. The synthesis of analogues with narrower cytokine secretion-inducing capabilities is hampered by the intrinsic difficulty at controlling the stereochemical outcome in glycosidation reactions, particularly if targeting the α-anomer, which seriously hamper…

Cellular stress induces cap-independent alpha-enolase/MBP-1 translation.

2015

AbstractMyc promoter-binding protein-1 (MBP-1) is a shorter protein variant of the glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase. Although several lines of evidence indicate that MBP-1 acts as a tumor suppressor, the cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying MBP-1 expression still remain largely elusive. To dissect these pathways, we used the SkBr3 breast cancer cell line and non-tumorigenic HEK293T cells ectopically overexpressing alpha-enolase/MBP-1. Here, we demonstrate that induced cell stresses promote MBP-1 expression through the AKT/PERK/eIF2α signaling axis. Our results contribute to shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying MBP-1 expression in non-tumorigenic and cancer c…

Hypertonic Stress and Amino Acid Deprivation Both Increase Expression of mRNA for Amino Acid Transport System A

2004

The activity of amino acid transport system A ([Oxender and Christensen, 1963][1]) is regulated in a variety of different ways, the best studied being the increases of its activity caused by starving cells of amino acids or by exposing them to hypertonicity (for review see [McGivan and Pastor-

Activation of classical protein kinase C decreases transport via systems y+and y+L

2007

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) downregulates the human cationic amino acid transporters hCAT-1 (SLC7A1) and hCAT-3 (SLC7A3) (Rotmann A, Strand D, Martiné U, Closs EI. J Biol Chem 279: 54185–54192, 2004; Rotmann A, Vekony N, Gassner D, Niegisch G, Strand D, Martine U, Closs EI. Biochem J 395: 117–123, 2006). However, others found that PKC increased arginine transport in various mammalian cell types, suggesting that the expression of different arginine transporters might be responsible for the opposite PKC effects. We thus investigated the consequence of PKC activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in various human cell lines expressing leucine-insensitive system y+[hCAT-1, h…

Evolutionary History and Functional Characterization of the Amphibian Xenosensor CAR

2011

AbstractThe xenosensing constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is widely considered to have arisen in early mammals via duplication of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We report that CAR emerged together with PXR and the vitamin D receptor from an ancestral NR1I gene already in early vertebrates, as a result of whole-genome duplications. CAR genes were subsequently lost from the fish lineage, but they are conserved in all taxa of land vertebrates. This contrasts with PXR, which is found in most fish species, whereas it is lost from Sauropsida (reptiles and birds) and plays a role unrelated to xenosensing in Xenopus. This role is fulfilled in Xenopus by CAR, which exhibits low basal activity a…

Requirement for the Proton-Pumping NADH Dehydrogenase I of Escherichia Coli in Respiration of NADH to Fumarate and Its Bioenergetic Implications

1997

In Escherichia coli the expression of the nuo genes encoding the proton pumping NADH dehydrogenase I is stimulated by the presence of fumarate during anaerobic respiration. The regulatory sites required for the induction by fumarate, nitrate and O2 are located at positions around –309, –277, and downstream of –231 bp, respectively, relative to the transcriptional-start site. The fumarate regulator has to be different from the O2 and nitrate regulators ArcA and NarL. For growth by fumarate respiration, the presence of NADH dehydrogenase I was essential, in contrast to aerobic or nitrate respiration which used preferentially NADH dehydrogenase II. The electron transport from NADH to fumarate …

Alternative respiratory pathways of Escherichia coli: energetics and transcriptional regulation in response to electron acceptors

1997

AbstractThe electron-transport chains of Escherichia coli are composed of many different dehydrogenases and terminal reductases (or oxidases) which are linked by quinones (ubiquinone, menaquinone and demethylmenaquinone). Quinol:cytochrome c oxido-reductase (`bc1 complex') is not present. For various electron acceptors (O2, nitrate) and donors (formate, H2, NADH, glycerol-3-P) isoenzymes are present. The enzymes show great variability in membrane topology and energy conservation. Energy is conserved by conformational proton pumps, or by arrangement of substrate sites on opposite sides of the membrane resulting in charge separation. Depending on the enzymes and isoenzymes used, the H+/e− rat…