Search results for " Toxins"

showing 10 items of 330 documents

Persistent unilateral tibialis anterior muscle hypertrophy with complex repetitive discharges and myalgia

1992

Unilateral enlargement of the tibialis anterior muscle associated with complex repetitive discharges occurred over several months in two patients and was preceded by pain and numbness in the lower leg. Neuroradiologic investigations excluded a compressive radiculopathy, but pharmacologic and neurophysiologic studies suggested a neurogenic basis for the muscle hypertrophy. Botulinum toxin A injection into the hypertrophied muscles led to a decreased muscle volume and cessation of muscle pain.

AdultMalemyalgiamedicine.medical_specialtyBotulinum ToxinsAnterior tibial muscleMuscle volumemedicine.disease_causeInjections IntramuscularMuscle hypertrophyBotulinum toxin aMuscular DiseasesTibialis anterior musclemedicineHumansLegbusiness.industryMusclesHypertrophyMiddle AgedBotulinum toxinSurgeryAnesthesiaClostridium botulinumNeurology (clinical)medicine.symptombusinessmedicine.drugNeurology
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Botox® for idiopathic overactive bladder: efficacy, duration and safety. Effectiveness of subsequent injection

2012

Purpose To test the efficacy, duration and safety of 100 U of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in women affected by idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) and the effectiveness of subsequent injections. Methods In this double centre, prospective study con- ducted from March 2008 to March 2010, we selected women affected by IDO who failed to respond to various antimuscarinic agents, reported intolerable anticholinergic side-effects or contraindication to their use, also without any response to tibial stimulation. Medical history, physi- cal examination, standard urodynamic examination, uri- nalysis, urine culture, a 4-day voiding diary and a quality of life questionnaire were requested for al…

AdultReoperationurge incontinencemedicine.medical_specialtyUrge incontinenceidiopathic overactive bladderUrologyBotox Idiopathic overactive bladder Urge incontinence Idiopathic detrusor overactivity Botulinum toxin type AInjections IntramuscularBotox idiopathic overactive bladder urge incontinence idiopathic detrusor overactivity botulinum toxin type A.medicineHumansProspective StudiesBotulinum Toxins Type ADuration (project management)Safety effectivenessAgedBotoxUrinary Bladder Overactivebusiness.industryObstetrics and GynecologyCystoscopyGeneral MedicineMiddle Agedmedicine.diseaseSettore MED/40 - Ginecologia E Ostetriciabotulinum toxin type Aidiopathic detrusor overactivityTreatment OutcomeOveractive bladderFemalemedicine.symptombusinessBotulinum toxin typeArchives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
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Exploring kainate receptor pharmacology using molecular dynamics simulations.

2010

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are enticing targets for pharmaceutical research; however, the search for selective ligands is a laborious experimental process. Here we introduce a purely computational procedure as an approach to evaluate ligand–iGluR pharmacology. The ligands are docked into the closed ligand-binding domain and during the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation the bi-lobed interface either opens (partial agonist/antagonist) or stays closed (agonist) according to the properties of the ligand. The procedure is tested with closely related set of analogs of the marine toxin dysiherbaine bound to GluK1 kainate receptor. The modeling is set against the abundant binding data …

AgonistModels Molecularmedicine.drug_classProtein ConformationIn silicoKainate receptorPharmacologyMolecular Dynamics SimulationLigandsPartial agonistArticleTurn (biochemistry)Cellular and Molecular NeuroscienceStructure-Activity RelationshipReceptors Kainic AcidmedicineStructure–activity relationshipPharmacologyAlanineMolecular StructureChemistryBridged Bicyclo Compounds HeterocyclicIonotropic glutamate receptorMarine ToxinsMarine toxinProtein BindingNeuropharmacology
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Conductance and Ion Selectivity of a Mesoscopic Protein Nanopore Probed with Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis

2005

Nanometer-scale proteinaceous pores are the basis of ion and macromolecular transport in cells and organelles. Recent studies suggest that ion channels and synthetic nanopores may prove useful in biotechnological applications. To better understand the structure-function relationship of nanopores, we are studying the ion-conducting properties of channels formed by wild-type and genetically engineered versions of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin (alphaHL) reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer membranes. Specifically, we measured the ion selectivities and current-voltage relationships of channels formed with 24 different alphaHL point cysteine mutants before and after derivatizing the c…

AnionsModels MolecularStaphylococcus aureusCell Membrane PermeabilityBacterial ToxinsLipid BilayersAnalytical chemistryBiophysics02 engineering and technologyIonHemolysin ProteinsStructure-Activity Relationship03 medical and health sciencesCationsNanotechnologyCysteineChannels Receptors and Electrical SignalingLipid bilayerIon channel030304 developmental biologyIons0303 health sciencesChemistrySulfhydryl ReagentsConductance021001 nanoscience & nanotechnologyElectrostaticsElectrophysiologyNanoporeMembraneMutagenesisMutagenesis Site-DirectedBiophysicsGenetic Engineering0210 nano-technologySelectivityBiotechnologyBiophysical Journal
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Stimulator cell-dependent requirement for CD2- and LFA-1-mediated adhesions in T lymphocyte activation by superantigenic toxins.

1992

Abstract The staphylococcal enterotoxins and related microbial T cell mitogens stimulate T cells by cross-linking variable parts of the T cell receptor (TCR) with MHC class II molecules on accessory or target cells. We have used cloned human T cells and defined tumor cells as accessory cells (AC) to study the requirements for T cell activation by these toxins. On AC expressing high levels of CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1) and CD58 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, LFA-3), mAb to CD2 were relatively ineffective in inhibiting the response to the toxins and antibodies to the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) did not inhibit at all. If added together, h…

Antigens Differentiation T-LymphocyteT cellImmunologyBacterial ToxinsCD2 AntigensAntigen-Presenting Cellschemical and pharmacologic phenomenaStreptamerBiologyIn Vitro TechniquesLymphocyte ActivationT-Lymphocyte SubsetsmedicineCell AdhesionCytotoxic T cellHumansIL-2 receptorReceptors ImmunologicAntigen-presenting cellAntigens ViralCells CulturedAntigens BacterialMembrane GlycoproteinsCD28hemic and immune systemsT lymphocyteNatural killer T cellCD58 AntigensIntercellular Adhesion Molecule-1Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1Cell biologymedicine.anatomical_structureImmunologyAntigens SurfaceCell Adhesion MoleculesCellular immunology
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Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins on the midgut of the nun moth Lymantria monacha.

2000

Three steps of the proposed mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins have been studied in Lymantria monacha. We demonstrated that only the toxins that caused typical pathological changes in midgut epithelial cells and bound to the midgut brush border membrane were able to drastically reduce the midgut transepithelial voltage of the nun moth.

BacillaceaebiologyBrush borderfungiBacterial ToxinsBacillus thuringiensisMidgutMothsbiology.organism_classificationdigestive systemBacillalesMicrobiologyLepidoptera genitaliaIntestinesBacillus thuringiensisparasitic diseasesAnimalssense organsMode of actionEcology Evolution Behavior and SystematicsTransepithelial potential differenceJournal of invertebrate pathology
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Integrative Model for Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in Susceptible and Resistant Larvae of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella)

1999

ABSTRACT Insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis in sprays and transgenic crops are extremely useful for environmentally sound pest management, but their long-term efficacy is threatened by evolution of resistance by target pests. The diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) is the first insect to evolve resistance to B. thuringiensis in open-field populations. The only known mechanism of resistance to B. thuringiensis in the diamondback moth is reduced binding of toxin to midgut binding sites. In the present work we analyzed competitive binding of B. thuringiensis toxins Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F to brush border membrane vesicles from larval midguts in a susceptib…

Bacterial ToxinsBacillus thuringiensisGenetically modified cropsMothsApplied Microbiology and BiotechnologyBinding CompetitiveModels BiologicalHemolysin ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacillus thuringiensisBotanyInvertebrate MicrobiologyAnimalsBinding sitePest Control BiologicalGeneticsBacillaceaeDiamondback mothBinding SitesEcologybiologyBacillus thuringiensis ToxinsParasporal bodyfungiPlutellafood and beveragesbiology.organism_classificationEndotoxinsCry1AcLarvaFood ScienceBiotechnology
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Production and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie).

2007

ABSTRACT Laboratory-selected Bacillus thuringiensis -resistant colonies are important tools for elucidating B. thuringiensis resistance mechanisms. However, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea , a target pest of transgenic corn and cotton expressing B. thuringiensis Cry1Ac (Bt corn and cotton), has proven difficult to select for stable resistance. Two populations of H. zea (AR and MR), resistant to the B. thuringiensis protein found in all commercial Bt cotton varieties (Cry1Ac), were established by selection with Cry1Ac activated toxin (AR) or MVP II (MR). Cry1Ac toxin reflects the form ingested by H. zea when feeding on Bt cotton, whereas MVP II is a Cry1Ac formulation used for resistance se…

Bacterial ToxinsBacillus thuringiensisMothsGossypiumApplied Microbiology and BiotechnologyCypermethrinInsecticide Resistancechemistry.chemical_compoundHemolysin ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacillus thuringiensisInvertebrate MicrobiologyAnimalsPest Control BiologicalGossypiumGenetically modified maizeEcologybiologyBacillus thuringiensis Toxinsfungifood and beveragesbiology.organism_classificationPlants Genetically ModifiedEndotoxinsHorticulturechemistryAgronomyCry1AcBt cottonHelicoverpa zeaPEST analysisFood ScienceBiotechnologyProtein BindingApplied and environmental microbiology
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Comparison of Different Methodologies for Binding Assays of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins to Membrane Vesicles from Insect Midguts

2002

Bacterial ToxinsBacillus thuringiensisMothsSpodopteraHemolysin ProteinsCell membraneHemolysin ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacillus thuringiensisBotanymedicineAnimalsEcology Evolution Behavior and SystematicsBacillaceaeBacillus thuringiensis ToxinsbiologyVesicleCell MembraneMidgutbiology.organism_classificationBacillalesEndotoxinsmedicine.anatomical_structureBiochemistryDigestive SystemBacteriaJournal of Invertebrate Pathology
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Occurrence of a common binding site in Mamestra brassicae, Phthorimaea operculella, and Spodoptera exigua for the insecticidal crystal proteins CryIA…

1997

Specific binding to midgut membrane proteins is required for the toxicity of insecticidal crystal proteins (ICP) from Bacillus thuringiensis. A direct relationship between toxicity and binding has been proposed. It has been hypothesized that sharing of a single receptor by more than one ICP could lead to the occurrence of multiple resistance in the event of an alteration in the common receptor. Binding of CryIA(a), CryIA(b) and CryIA(c), three structurally related ICPs, has been studied in Phthorimaea operculella, Mamestra brassicae and, Spodoptera exigua using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from the midgut tissue. Using iodinated CryIA(b), the three insects showed similar results: o…

Bacterial ToxinsBacillus thuringiensisReceptors Cell SurfaceSpodopteraMothsSpodopteraBiochemistryHemolysin ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacillus thuringiensisExiguaBotanyAnimalsBinding siteReceptorMolecular BiologyBinding SitesbiologyBacillus thuringiensis ToxinsfungiMidgutbiology.organism_classificationMolecular biologyPhthorimaea operculellaEndotoxinsMembrane proteinInsect ScienceInsect ProteinsInsect biochemistry and molecular biology
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