Search results for " Viral Load"

showing 10 items of 27 documents

Dual therapy with peg-interferon and ribavirin in thalassemia major patients with chronic HCV infection: Is there still an indication?

2016

Background: Iron overload and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection together can lead to chronic liver damage in thalassemia major (TM) patients. Aims: We investigated viral, genetic, and disease factors influencing sustained virological response (SVR) after peg-interferon and ribavirin therapy in TM patients with HCV infection. Methods: We analyzed 230 TM patients with HCV infection (mean age 36.0 ± 6.3 years; 59.1% genotype 1; 32.2% genotype 2; 3.4% genotype 3; and 5.3% genotype 4; 28.7% carried CC allele of rs12979860 in IL28B locus; 79.6% had chronic hepatitis and 20.4% cirrhosis; 63.5% naive and 36.5% previously treated with interferon alone) treated in 14 Italian centers. Results: By mul…

Liver Cirrhosis0301 basic medicineMaleCirrhosisThalassemiaHepacivirusCirrhosis; Hepatitis C virus; IL28B polymorphisms; Iron liver overload; Peg-interferon; Ribavirin; Sustained virological response; Thalassemia major; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Drug Therapy Combination; Female; Heart Diseases; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Interleukins; Italy; Liver Cirrhosis; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Polymorphism Single Nucleotide; Retrospective Studies; Ribavirin; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load; beta-Thalassemiamedicine.disease_causeGastroenterologychemistry.chemical_compound0302 clinical medicineRetrospective StudieThalassemia majorMultivariate AnalysiGastroenterologyBeta thalassemiaHepatitis CViral LoadSustained virological responseHeart DiseaseTreatment OutcomeItaly030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyDrug Therapy CombinationFemaleViral loadHumanAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyHeart DiseasesLogistic ModelHepatitis C virusLiver CirrhosiAlpha interferonIL28B polymorphismAntiviral AgentsPolymorphism Single Nucleotide03 medical and health sciencesIron liver overloadInternal medicineRibavirinmedicineHumansRetrospective StudiesAntiviral AgentCirrhosiHepaciviruPeg-interferonHepatologybusiness.industryInterleukinsRibavirinbeta-ThalassemiaInterferon-alphaHepatitis C ChronicInterleukinmedicine.diseaseLogistic Models030104 developmental biologychemistryMultivariate AnalysisImmunologyInterferonsbusinessHepatitis C viru
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Treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection in Italy: A consensus report from an expert panel

2017

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has significantly improved the course of patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC), due to the ability of these drugs to achieve high rates of sustained virological response (SVR). These exceedingly high rates of SVR and the excellent safety data have been confirmed in real life practice. Evolving guidelines have been issued by national and international scientific societies in accordance with the progression of clinical knowledge and the availability of new DAAs. These recommendations, however, may not be applied universally because of …

Liver CirrhosisDirect-acting antiviral agentFibrosiHepacivirusChronic liver diseasemedicine.disease_causeClinical knowledgeVirological response0302 clinical medicine80 and over030212 general & internal medicineChronicAntiviral treatment; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; Hepatitis C; RAV; Treatment failureAged 80 and overGastroenterologyAntiviral treatment; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; Hepatitis C; RAV; Treatment failure; Hepatology; GastroenterologyHepatitis CMiddle AgedViral LoadSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia e Microbiologia ClinicaHepatitis CCirrhosisItalyLiverCombination030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyDrug Therapy CombinationHumanAdultmedicine.medical_specialtyConsensusHepatitis C virusLiver CirrhosiConsensuAntiviral AgentsUnmet needs03 medical and health sciencesYoung AdultDrug TherapyInternal medicinemedicineHumansIntensive care medicineAgedAntiviral AgentHepaciviruCirrhosiHepatologybusiness.industryHepatologyHepatitis C Chronicmedicine.diseaseVirologyFibrosisAntiviral treatmentTreatment failurePosition paperAntiviral treatment; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; Hepatitis C; RAV; Treatment failure; Adult; Aged; Aged 80 and over; Antiviral Agents; Consensus; Drug Therapy Combination; Fibrosis; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Italy; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Middle Aged; Viral Load; Young AdultDirect-acting antiviral agentsRAVbusiness
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From current status to optimization of HCV treatment: Recommendations from an expert panel

2016

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem at a global level, causing an enormous burden of hepatic and extra-hepatic morbidity and mortality. Treatment of chronic HCV (CHC) has been revolutionized in the last few years by the introduction of highly effective and well tolerated direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) able to achieve >90% rates of sustained virological response (SVR) in many groups of patients, including those previously excluded from interferon-based regimens. For such reason interferon-free regimens are now the treatments of choice for all patients. Successful anti-HCV treatment can stop liver disease progression and can solve the HCV-relat…

Liver CirrhosisDirect-acting antiviral agentmedicine.medical_treatmentResistanceAntiviral therapy; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; HCV; Hepatitis C; Liver transplantation; Resistance; Antiviral Agents; Carcinoma Hepatocellular; Coinfection; Drug Therapy Combination; HIV Infections; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Italy; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Ribavirin; Societies Medical; Viral Load; Hepatology; GastroenterologyHIV InfectionsHepacivirusAntiviral therapy; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; HCV; Hepatitis C; Liver transplantation; Resistance; Hepatology; GastroenterologyLiver transplantationAntiviral therapyLiver disease0302 clinical medicineHIV Infection030212 general & internal medicineChronicSocieties MedicalCoinfectionLiver NeoplasmsGastroenterologyHepatitis CViral LoadSettore MED/07 - Microbiologia e Microbiologia ClinicaHepatitis CItalyCirrhosisLiver NeoplasmCombinationPractice Guidelines as TopicHCV030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyDrug Therapy CombinationViral loadHumanAntiviral therapy; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; HCV; Hepatitis C; Liver transplantation; Resistancemedicine.medical_specialtyCarcinoma HepatocellularLiver CirrhosiAlpha interferonAntiviral therapy; Cirrhosis; Direct-acting antiviral agents; HCV; Hepatitis C; Liver transplantation; Resistance; Antiviral Agents; Carcinoma Hepatocellular; Coinfection; Drug Therapy Combination; HIV Infections; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Italy; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Ribavirin; Societies Medical; Viral LoadAntiviral Agents03 medical and health sciencesDrug TherapyMedicalInternal medicineRibavirinmedicineHumansIntensive care medicineAntiviral AgentCirrhosiHepaciviruLiver transplantationHepatologybusiness.industryPublic healthCarcinomaInterferon-alphaHepatocellularHepatologyHepatitis C Chronicmedicine.diseaseSurgeryPosition paperDirect-acting antiviral agentsSocietiesbusiness
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Hepatitis C in the elderly: a multicentre cross-sectional study by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver

2012

Background: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection increases with advancing age, but elderly hepatitis C virus patients remain an understudied population. Aim: To define the virological, epidemiological and clinical profiles of Italian outpatients aged 65 years and over infected by hepatitis C virus. Methods: We evaluated 1544 anti-hepatitis C virus positive patients aged >=65 years referred to 34 Italian outpatient specialty clinics over a two-year period. Results: The study population included 1134 (73%) early elderly (65-74 years) and 410 (27%) late elderly patients (>=75 years). Late elderly subjects were less likely to have their virus genotyped, their viral load assessed or a h…

Liver CirrhosisMaleAGED PATIENTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HCV INFECTION; LIVER DISEASES; ANTI-VIRAL TREATMENTEpidemiologyCross-sectional studyHepacivirusLIVER DISEASESmedicine.disease_causeLiver disease80 and overPrevalenceEPIDEMIOLOGYChronicAged patientsAged 80 and overeducation.field_of_studyhepatitis c elderly italyAge FactorsHCV INFECTIONGastroenterologyliver diseases; hepatitis c elderly italy; hcv infection; epidemiology; aged patientsAlanine TransaminaseHepatitis CViral LoadAGED PATIENTSHepatitis CHCV infectionItalyHCVAged patients; Epidemiology; HCV infection; Liver diseasesPopulation studyFemaleViral loadmedicine.medical_specialtyGenotypeSettore MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIAHepatitis C virusPopulationgeriatricAntiviral AgentsInternal medicinemedicineHumanseducationSettore MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATALiver diseasesAgedHepatologybusiness.industrySettore MED/09 - MEDICINA INTERNAHepatitis C ChronicHepatitis C AntibodiesHepatologymedicine.diseaseSurgeryCross-Sectional StudiesAged patients; Epidemiology; HCV infection; Liver diseases; Age Factors; Aged; Aged 80 and over; Alanine Transaminase; Antiviral Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Genotype; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Italy; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Prevalence; Viral Load; Gastroenterology; HepatologyANTI-VIRAL TREATMENTbusiness
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Long-term course of chronic hepatitis C in children: from viral clearance to end-stage liver disease.

2008

Background & Aims: The natural course of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in children is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term course of CHC in a large sample of otherwise healthy children. Methods: From 1990 to 2005, 504 consecutive antihepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive children were enrolled at 12 centers of a national observatory and were followed up retrospectively/prospectively. Results: Putative exposure was perinatal in 283 (56.2%) cases, parenteral in 158 (31.3%), and unknown in 63 (12.5%). At baseline, 477 (94.6%) cases were HCV RNA seropositive, 118 (24.7%) of which were treated with standard interferon α. Ten years after putative exposure, the outcome in …

Liver CirrhosisMaleTime FactorsHepacivirusHepacivirusChronic hepatitis CGastroenterologyLiver diseaseViralProspective StudiesChronicProspective cohort studyChildChildrenchronic epatitis C; long term course; childrenbiologyHazard ratioGastroenterologyHepatitis CViral LoadHepatitis CTreatment OutcomeItalyChild PreschoolHCVDisease ProgressionRNA ViralFemaleViral loadmedicine.medical_specialtyAdolescentGenotypeAlpha interferonSocio-culturaleViremiaAntiviral AgentsRisk AssessmentHEPATITISInternal medicinemedicineHumansViremiaAdolescent; Antiviral Agents; Child; Child Preschool; Disease Progression; Female; Genotype; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Infant; Interferon-alpha; Italy; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; RNA Viral; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load; Viremia; Hepacivirus; GastroenterologyPreschoolProportional Hazards ModelsRetrospective StudiesHepatologybusiness.industryLong-term courseInfantInterferon-alphaHepatitis C Chronicbiology.organism_classificationmedicine.diseaseImmunologyRNAbusinessGastroenterology
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Factors that predict response of patients with hepatitis C virus infection to boceprevir

2012

Background & Aims Little is known about factors associated with a sustained virologic response (SVR) among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to treatment with protease inhibitors. Methods Previously untreated patients (from the Serine Protease Inhibitor Therapy 2 [SPRINT-2] trial) and those who did not respond to prior therapy (from the Retreatment with HCV Serine Protease Inhibitor Boceprevir and PegIntron/Rebetol 2 [RESPOND-2] trial) received either a combination of peginterferon and ribavirin for 48 weeks or boceprevir, peginterferon, and ribavirin (triple therapy) after 4 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin (total treatment duration, 28–48 wk). A good response to interfer…

MaleCirrhosisMESH: Logistic ModelsHepacivirusMESH: Risk AssessmentGastroenterologyPolyethylene GlycolsMESH: Recombinant ProteinsMESH: Genotype0302 clinical medicineOdds RatioProspective StudiesMESH: Treatment OutcomeResponse to Therapy0303 health sciencesMESH: Polymorphism Single NucleotideGastroenterologyvirus diseases3. Good healthMESH: RNA ViralHCVDrug Therapy Combination030211 gastroenterology & hepatologyClinical Trial; Genetic; Prognostic Factors; Response to Therapy; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Biomarkers; Canada; Drug Therapy Combination; Europe; Female; Genotype; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Interleukins; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Phenotype; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymorphism Single Nucleotide; Proline; Prospective Studies; RNA Viral; Recombinant Proteins; Ribavirin; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; United States; Viral Load; GastroenterologyViral loadmedicine.medical_specialtyMESH: InterleukinsGenotypeProlineInterferon alpha-2MESH: PhenotypeAntiviral AgentsRisk Assessment03 medical and health sciencesDrug TherapyGeneticMESH: RibavirinMESH: CanadaBoceprevirHumansPolymorphismMESH: ProlineMESH: HumansPrognostic FactorsInterleukinsMESH: AdultOdds ratiomedicine.diseaseUnited Statesdigestive system diseasesClinical trialLogistic ModelschemistryImmunologyMESH: FemaleBiomarkersTime Factorsmedicine.disease_causechemistry.chemical_compoundRisk FactorsInterferonMESH: Risk FactorsMESH: HepacivirusViralSingle NucleotideViral LoadHepatitis CClinical TrialRecombinant ProteinsEuropePhenotypeTreatment OutcomeCombinationRNA ViralFemaleMESH: Interferon-alphaMESH: Viral Loadmedicine.drugAdultMESH: Antiviral AgentsCanadaHepatitis C virusPolymorphism Single NucleotideMESH: Multivariate AnalysisInternal medicineRibavirinmedicineMESH: United States030304 developmental biologyMESH: Hepatitis CHepatologybusiness.industryRibavirinMESH: Time FactorsMESH: Biological MarkersInterferon-alpha[SDV.MHEP.HEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and GastroenterologyMESH: Prospective StudiesMESH: MaleMESH: Odds RatioMESH: Drug Therapy CombinationMESH: Polyethylene GlycolsMultivariate AnalysisRNAInterferonsMESH: Europebusiness
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Effect of cytomegalovirus-induced immune response, self antigen-induced immune response, and microbial translocation on chronic immune activation in …

2013

International audience; We evaluated the impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced immune responses, autoimmune-induced immune responses, and microbial translocation on immune activation in 191 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort. All enrolled subjects had achieved long-term virological suppression during receipt of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HLA-DR(+)/CD38(+) expression was 16.8% among CD8(+) T cells. Independent of age, CD4(+) T-cell count, 16S ribosomal DNA load, and regulatory T-cell count, positive results of Quantiferon CMV analysis (P = .02), positive results of CMV-pp65 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analysis (P = …

MaleCytomegalovirusAutoimmunityHIV InfectionsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCD38Lymphocyte Activationmedicine.disease_causeAutoimmunityCohort Studies0302 clinical medicine[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases[ SDV.MP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and ParasitologyAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveImmunology and Allergy030212 general & internal medicineMESH: Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunologyMESH: HLA-DR Antigens/metabolismMESH: Cohort Studies0303 health sciencesMESH: HIV Infections/drug therapyvirus diseasesViral Load3. Good healthInfectious Diseases[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and ParasitologyMESH: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunologyCytomegalovirus Infections[SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/ImmunologyFemaleFranceMESH: Cytomegalovirus/immunologyMESH: Viral Load[SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/ImmunologyCongenital cytomegalovirus infectionHuman leukocyte antigenBiologyQuantiFERONViral Matrix Proteins03 medical and health sciencesImmune systemMESH: Cross-Sectional StudiesAntigenMESH: AutoimmunitymedicineHumansMESH: Phosphoproteins/immunology[SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and ParasitologyMESH: Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology030304 developmental biologyMESH: HumansMESH: HIV-1/geneticsMESH: HIV-1/physiologyMESH: HIV Infections/immunologyHLA-DR AntigensPhosphoproteinsmedicine.diseaseVirologyMESH: MaleMESH: Lymphocyte Activation/immunologyMESH: FranceCross-Sectional Studies[SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologieImmunologyHIV-1[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologieMESH: HIV-1/drug effectsMESH: FemaleCD8
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Detection of drug resistance mutations at low plasma HIV-1 RNA load in a European multicentre cohort study

2011

Background and objectives: Guidelines indicate a plasma HIV-1 RNA load of 500-1000 copies/mL as the minimal threshold for antiretroviral drug resistance testing. Resistance testing at lower viral load levels may be useful to guide timely treatment switches, although data on the clinical utility of this remain limited. We report here the influence of viral load levels on the probability of detecting drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and other mutations by routine genotypic testing in a large multicentre European cohort, with a focus on tests performed at a viral load <1000 copies/mL. Methods: A total of 16511 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from 11492 treatment-experienced …

MaleDrug ResistanceHIV InfectionsDrug resistanceCohort Studies0302 clinical medicineGenotypeHIV InfectionPharmacology (medical)030212 general & internal medicineViral0303 health sciencesProteolytic enzymesGenotypic testing; HIV; Viral load; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Europe; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; RNA Viral; Viral Proteins; Drug Resistance Viral; Mutation Missense; Viral Load; Pharmacology; Pharmacology (medical); Infectious DiseasesViral LoadGenotypic testing3. Good healthEuropeInfectious DiseasesCohortRNA ViralFemaleViral loadCohort studyHumanMicrobiology (medical)AdultGenotypeAnti-HIV AgentsMutation MissenseBiologySettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVE03 medical and health sciencesViral ProteinsSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingDrug Resistance ViralHumansViral ProteinPharmacology030306 microbiologyHIVAnti-HIV AgentVirologyReverse transcriptaseCD4 Lymphocyte CountRegimenHIV; genotypic testing; viral loadGenotypic testing; HIV; Viral load; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Drug Resistance Viral; Europe; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Mutation Missense; RNA Viral; Viral Load; Viral ProteinsImmunologyMutationHIV-1RNAMissenseCohort Studie
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Who is more likely to respond to dual treatment with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C? A gender-oriented analysis.

2013

Summary We assessed, in real-life practice, viral, demographic, genetic and metabolic factors influencing the sustained virologic response (SVR), with a gender-oriented analysis, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Six hundred and seventy naive patients were treated with dual therapy and evaluated by gender and HCV genotype. Associations between baseline variables and SVR were assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Among 362 genotype 1 patients, SVR was achieved in 158 patients (44%), and SVR was independently associated with age less than 50 years (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.09–4.30; P = 0.039) and C/C genotype rs12979860…

MaleHCV-RNA levelsHepacivirusHepacivirusLogistic regressionGastroenterologyCohort Studieschemistry.chemical_compoundPegylated interferonGenotypeantiviral therapygenderProspective Studiespeg-interferon and ribavirinProspective cohort studybiologysustained virologic responsevirus diseaseschronic hepatitis C; gender; HCV-RNA levels; IL28B polymorphisms; peg-interferon and ribavirin; sustained virologic responseMiddle AgedViral LoadTreatment OutcomeInfectious DiseasesDrug Therapy CombinationFemaleViral loadHCV-RNA levels; IL28B polymorphisms; chronic hepatitis C; gender; peg-interferon and ribavirin; sustained virologic response; Adult; Aged; Cohort Studies; Drug Therapy Combination; Female; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Chronic; Humans; Interferons; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Ribavirin; Sex Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Loadmedicine.drugAdultmedicine.medical_specialtySex FactorsVirologyInternal medicineRibavirinmedicineHumanschronic hepatitis CRapid Virologic ResponseAgedHepatologybusiness.industryRibavirinHepatitis C Chronicbiology.organism_classificationdigestive system diseaseschemistryImmunologyInterferonsIL28B polymorphismsbusiness
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No pol mutation is associated independently with the lack of immune recovery in patients infected with HIV and failing antiretroviral therapy

2011

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether specific pol mutations hinder long-term immune recovery regardless of virological response. In total, 826 patients with >50 HIV RNA copies/ml, who underwent genotypic resistance testing between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2003 after >3 years of antiretroviral treatment, and were followed up for >3 years after genotypic resistance testing, were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome of the study was the lack of immune recovery after >3 years of follow-up, defined as a slope by linear regression 50 copies/ml divided by the number of HIV RNA measurements during follow-up. Logistic regression was used for univariable and multivariable analy…

MaleHIV InfectionsDrug resistanceLogistic regressionResistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorCD4+ T-lymphocyteRetrospective StudieImmunopathologyAntiretroviral Therapy Highly ActiveResistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorgeneticsResistance to protease inhibitorHIV Infectionresistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsViralSidaresistance to protease inhibitorsbiologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorViral LoadGenes poldrug therapy/immunology/virologyReverse Transcriptase InhibitorInfectious DiseasesTreatment Outcomeresistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsFemaleViral loadmedicine.drugHumanpolAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral TherapyViremiaInfectious DiseaseSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEpharmacology/therapeutic useAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)VirologyDrug Resistance ViralmedicineHumansHighly ActiveRetrospective StudiesAnti-HIV Agents; pharmacology/therapeutic use Antiretroviral Therapy; Highly Active CD4 Lymphocyte Count Drug Resistance; Viral; genetics Female Genes; pol HIV Infections; drug therapy/immunology/virology HIV-1; drug effects/enzymology/genetics Humans Male Mutation Retrospective Studies Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; therapeutic use Treatment Outcome Viral Loaddrug resistanceAnti-HIV Agentbiology.organism_classificationmedicine.diseaseVirologyCD4 Lymphocyte CountGenesdrug effects/enzymology/geneticstherapeutic useMutationCD4+ T-lymphocytesHIV-1
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