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(A,B) In vivo GCaMP6f signals recorded in layers M1, M5 and M9/10 of Mi1 (A) and Tm3 (B) neurons, before (blue, green) and after (gray, red) applicat…
2019
Sensory systems sequentially extract increasingly complex features. ON and OFF pathways, for example, encode increases or decreases of a stimulus from a common input. This ON/OFF pathway split is thought to occur at individual synaptic connections through a sign-inverting synapse in one of the pathways. Here, we show that ON selectivity is a multisynaptic process in the Drosophila visual system. A pharmacogenetics approach demonstrates that both glutamatergic inhibition through GluClα and GABAergic inhibition through Rdl mediate ON responses. Although neurons postsynaptic to the glutamatergic ON pathway input L1 lose all responses in GluClα mutants, they are resistant to a cell-type-specifi…
Explicit behavioral detection of visual changes develops without their implicit neurophysiological detectability
2011
Change blindness is a failure of reporting major changes across consecutive images if separated, e.g., by a brief blank interval. Successful change detection across interrupts requires focal attention to the changes. However, findings of implicit detection of visual changes during change blindness have raised the question of whether the implicit mode is necessary for development of the explicit mode. To this end, we recorded the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) of the event-related potentials (ERPs) of the brain, an index of implicit pre-attentive visual change detection, in adult humans performing an oddball-variant of change blindness flicker task. Images of 500 ms in duration were prese…
Characteristics of being hospitalized as a child with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: a phenomenological study of children’s past and present exp…
2015
Background: Our understanding of children and childhood has changed over the last few decades, which may have an impact on children’s conditions in hospitals. Children’s rights have been strengthened by the “Convention on the Rights of the Child” and ward regulations. The aim of this Norwegian study was to identify potential characteristics of children's lived experience of being hospitalized diagnosed with type 1 diabetes today and from a retrospective view in the period 1950–1980, despite the many obvious external changes. Methods: This study presents a further analysis of data from two previous phenomenological studies. The first had a retrospective perspective, and the second assumed a …
Free school fruit: can an extra piece of fruit every school day contribute to the prevention of future weight gain? A cluster randomized trial
2014
Background: Several school fruit programs are initiated with the aim to improve diet and thereby contribute to reduce the prevalence of overweight. To date, no published studies have demonstrated that school fruit schemes do prevent overweight.Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess if increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, due to free school fruit, have an impact on future weight status.Design: An intervention study including 10- to 12-year-old children from nine schools in two Norwegian counties (Hedmark and Telemark) participating in the Norwegian School Fruit Program for free during the school year 2001/2002 and children from 29 control schools. Follow-up studies …
Dlaczego warto jeść piętki chleba? : o przesądach kulinarnych
2016
Z kulinariami związanych jest wiele różnorodnych przesądów. W kuchni polskiej znajduje się mnóstwo składników żywieniowych, których spożywanie na przestrzeni wieków obrosło wieloma wierzeniami. W niniejszym artykule omówiono zachowania przesądne dotyczące wybranych składników żywnościowych (chleba, kapusty, ziemniaków, cukru) oraz rekwizytów kuchennych (garnków i sztućców). Zaprezentowane materiały pochodzą z dwóch źródeł: zastanych (opracowań etnograficznych wydanych przed 1945 r.) i wywołanych (zebranych podczas wywiadów prowadzonych w 2015 r. w obrębie dwóch województw - śląskiego i opolskiego).
Pastāvīgo vārdu biežums laikrakstu tiešsaistes publikācijas un to diskusiju ziņās
2016
Šis darbs iepazīstina ar laikraksta The Guardian tiešsiastes publikāciju analīzi. Šī darba mērķis ir izanalizēt pastāvīgo vārdu (lietvārdu, darbības vārdu un īpašības vārdu) biežumu laikrakstu publikācijas un to diskusiju ziņās. Galvenā pētījuma metode bija korpusa-lingvistiskā metode, kas balstīta uz Makenerija (2006) teoriju. Šī darba autors izveidoja mini-korpusu, kas sastāvēja no divām teksta grupām: laikrakstu publikācijām un diskusiju ziņām. Vārdšķiru biežuma sadalījums korpusā, norāda uz formalitātes līmeņu atšķirību starp laikrakstu publikācijām un to diskusiju ziņām. Iegūtie rezultāti norāda uz reģistra variāciju izanalizētājos korpusa žanra tekstos. Lai identificētu līdzības un at…
The AQP2 mutation V71M causesnephrogenic diabetes insipidus in humans but does not impair the function of a bacterial homolog
2015
Graphical abstract
Factors behind Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior Based on Finnish Twin Studies: The Role of Genetic and Environmental Influences and the Role o…
2014
Different approaches are being taken to clarify the role of various factors in the development of physical activity behaviors. Genetic studies are a new area of physical activity research and also the motives for physical activity have been widely studied. The purpose of this paper is to review the findings emerging from the longitudinal genetic studies on leisure-time physical activity and to evaluate the associations between motivational factors and leisure-time physical activity. The focus is to review recent findings of longitudinal Finnish twin studies. The results of the latest longitudinal Finnish twin studies point to the existence of age-specific genetic and environmental influence…
Phosphorus limitation enhances parasite impact: feedback effects at the population level
2014
Background Nutrient deficiency affects the growth and population dynamics of consumers. Endoparasites can be seen as consumers that drain carbon (C) or energy from their host while simultaneously competing for limiting resources such as phosphorus (P). Depending on the relative demands of the host and the parasite for the limiting nutrient, intensified resource competition under nutrient limitation can either reduce the parasite’s effect on the host or further reduce the fitness of the nutrient-limited host. So far, knowledge of how nutrient limitation affects parasite performance at the host population level and how this affects the host populations is limited. Results We followed the popu…
Modeling multipartite virus evolution: the genome formula facilitates rapid adaptation to heterogeneous environments
2020
Multipartite viruses have two or more genome segments, and package different segments into different particle types. Although multipartition is thought to have a cost for virus transmission, its benefits are not clear. Recent experimental work has shown that the equilibrium frequency of viral genome segments, the setpoint genome formula (SGF), can be unbalanced and host-species dependent. These observations have reinvigorated the hypothesis that changes in genome-segment frequencies can lead to changes in virus-gene expression that might be adaptive. Here we explore this hypothesis by developing models of bipartite virus infection, leading to a threefold contribution. First, we show that th…