Search results for " entry"

Spatial and sectoral effects on firm entry and exit. Evidence from Italy.

2012

The Medicinal Chemistry of Zika Virus

2021

Arthropod-borne viruses, also known as arboviruses, are transmitted by bites of infected mosquito or tick vectors. In this context, the Flavivirus genus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes from the Aedes genus, being the Ae. africanus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. Albopictus species are responsible for transmitting the Zika virus (ZIKV). It is a lipid-enveloped virus constitute of an RNA genome, which is translated into a polyprotein encoding three structural proteins {(capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E)} and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). Several biological targets have been identified for developing antiviral agents against ZIKV, which could pre…

Sustainability in Polish Road Transport Sector

2013

Abstract Today, road transport is the fastest-growing segment of the freight transport in Poland. Due to its dynamic development in the 90's and low barriers to entry of new transport companies the importance of this segment still growing. Low transport rates, the ability to reach every place, as well as high flexibility and reliability of supplies carried are the main advantages of this kind of transport. However, besides the advantages, road transport has disadvantages as well, and the biggest drawback of this type of transport is its negative impact on the environment through the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. In addition, road transport is characterized by high land consump…

Foreign Market Entry Mode Research: A Review and Research Agenda

2017

ABSTRACTThis article gives a retrospective look at the main determinants of foreign market entry modes and examines the variables and conditions used in empirical studies in this stream of research. We found that there is an “analytical context hazard” in past studies. The findings suggest: first, future research should focus on developing and extending theories with reference to strategy dimension and market/industry environment; second, the interrelationship between the main entry mode determinants should be figured out; third, attention has to be paid to the entry modes of firms from non-developed economies in research.

Daimler Trucks in India – Foreign Market Entry Modes and Location Decisions

2011

Posttranslational N-glycosylation of the hepatitis B virus large envelope protein

2007

Abstract Background The addition of N-linked glycans to proteins is normally a cotranslational process that occurs during translocation of the nascent protein to the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we report on an exception to this rule occurring on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) large L envelope protein that is a subject to co-plus posttranslational N-glycosylation. Results By using an improved detection system, we identified so far unrecognized, novel isoforms of L. Based on mutational analyses, the use of N-glycosylation inhibitors, and pulse-chase studies, we showed that these isoforms are due to posttranslational N-glycan addition to the asparagines 4 and 112 within the preS domain of L. Whi…

Functional incorporation of green fluorescent protein into hepatitis B virus envelope particles

2004

AbstractThe envelope of hepatitis B virus (HBV), containing the L, M, and S proteins, is essential for virus entry and maturation. For direct visualization of HBV, we determined whether envelope assembly could accommodate the green fluorescent protein (GFP). While the C-terminal addition of GFP to S trans-dominant negatively inhibited empty envelope particle secretion, the N-terminal GFP fusion to S (GFP.S) was co-integrated into the envelope, giving rise to fluorescent particles. Microscopy and topogenesis analyses demonstrated that the proper intracellular distribution and folding of GFP.S, required for particle export were rescued by interprotein interactions with wild-type S. Thereby, a…

Sequences in the 5′ Nontranslated Region of Hepatitis C Virus Required for RNA Replication

2001

ABSTRACT Sequences in the 5′ and 3′ termini of plus-strand RNA viruses harbor cis -acting elements important for efficient translation and replication. In case of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a plus-strand RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae , a 341-nucleotide-long nontranslated region (NTR) is located at the 5′ end of the genome. This sequence contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that is located downstream of an about 40-nucleotide-long sequence of unknown function. By using our recently developed HCV replicon system, we mapped and characterized the sequences in the 5′ NTR required for RNA replication. We show that deletions introduced into the 5′ terminal 40 nucleotides abolis…

The bright and dark sides of CEO hubris: Assessing cultural distance in international business

2021

This paper aims to enrich the behavioral theory of international business strategyby investigating how CEO hubris (i.e., excess pride and confidence) affects inter-national strategic choices, that is, location selection, entry timing, and modes ofentry into the target market. Specifically, we focus on the relationship betweencultural distance and international strategic choices and consider hubris as a mech-anism that influences CEOs’ decisions. Our conceptual framework recognizes thatthe performance of international strategies managed by hubristic CEOs isextremely volatile. On the one hand, we corroborate the idea that hubris has adark side that may lead to pernicious outcomes. On the othe…

Tropism of human cytomegalovirus for endothelial cells is determined by a post-entry step dependent on efficient translocation to the nucleus.

2000

Marked interstrain differences in the endothelial cell (EC) tropism of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) isolates have been described. This study aimed to define the step during the replicative cycle of HCMV that determines this phenotype. The infection efficiency of various HCMV strains in EC versus fibroblasts was quantified by immunodetection of immediate early (IE), early and late viral antigens. Adsorption and penetration were analysed by radiolabelled virus binding assays and competitive HCMV-DNA-PCR. The translocation of penetrated viral DNA to the nucleus of infected cells was quantified by competitive HCMV-DNA-PCR in pure nuclear fractions. The intracytoplasmic translocation of capsids …