Search results for " memory"

Expertise and memory for beers and beer olfactory compounds

2007

Abstract Do beer experts have better recognition memory for beers than novices? And can recognition memory for beers be predicted on the basis of recognition memory for beer odor compounds? We compared the memory performance of “beer experts” and novices in two recognition tasks. The first task was performed ortho- and retronasally with beers, and the second orthonasally with beer odor compounds. As a control we also compared the performance of “experts” and novices on an identification task and a same/different discrimination task. “Beer experts” outperformed novices in both the identification task and the recognition memory task with both beers and odor compounds, but only for beers they …

From Focused Thought to Reveries: A Memory System for a Conscious Robot

2018

© 2018 Balkenius, Tjøstheim, Johansson and Gärdenfors. We introduce a memory model for robots that can account for many aspects of an inner world, ranging from object permanence, episodic memory, and planning to imagination and reveries. It is modeled after neurophysiological data and includes parts of the cerebral cortex together with models of arousal systems that are relevant for consciousness. The three central components are an identification network, a localization network, and a working memory network. Attention serves as the interface between the inner and the external world. It directs the flow of information from sensory organs to memory, as well as controlling top-down influences…

Unified Parallel C++

2018

Abstract Although MPI is commonly used for parallel programming on distributed-memory systems, Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) approaches are gaining attention for programming modern multi-core CPU clusters. They feature a hybrid memory abstraction: distributed memory is viewed as a shared memory that is partitioned among nodes in order to simplify programming. In this chapter you will learn about Unified Parallel C++ (UPC++), a library-based extension of C++ that gathers the advantages of both PGAS and Object Oriented paradigms. The examples included in this chapter will help you to understand the main features of PGAS languages and how they can simplify the task of programming par…

Acute effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on human olfactory functioning.

2004

Background Animal experiments indicate that 1,1,1-trichloroethane can cause degeneration of the olfactory epithelium. The effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on human odor perception still have not been investigated. The goal of this study was to learn more about acute effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Methods Twelve healthy, nonsmoking students were exposed to 200 and 20 ppm (control) 1,1,1-trichloroethane in an exposure chamber for 4 hours according to a crossover design. Olfactory functioning was investigated with the Sniffin’ Sticks. The test includes the determination of the detection threshold for n-butanol and an odor identification test. Results After 1 hour of exposure to 200 ppm 1,1,…

Bilateral olfactory deprivation reveals a selective noradrenergic regulatory input to the olfactory bulb.

2001

Unilateral olfactory deprivation in the rat induces changes in the catecholaminergic system of the olfactory bulb. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that unilateral deprivation does not fully prevent stimulation of the deprived bulb. The present report analyses the response of the catecholaminergic system of the olfactory bulb in fully deprived rats obtained by bilateral naris occlusion. The complete deprivation produces more rapid and dramatic changes in both the intrinsic and extrinsic catecholaminergic systems of the olfactory bulb. Intrinsic responses involve a rapid decrease in dopamine-containing cells to about 25% of controls, correlated with a decreased Fos expression in juxtaglomerul…

Modifications de l’olfaction au cours du vieillissement et de certaines pathologies neurodégénératives : mise au point

2015

Olfaction is a complex sensory system, and increasing interest is being shown in the link between olfaction and cognition, notably in the elderly. In this literature review, we revisit the specific neurophysiological features of the olfactory system and odorants that lead to a durable olfactory memory and an emotional memory, for which the implicit component produces subconscious olfactory conditioning. Olfaction is known to affect cognitive abilities and mood. We also consider the impairment of olfactory function due to ageing and to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, through anatomopathological changes in the peripheral and central olfac…

Chemosensory Function of the Amygdala

2010

The chemosensory amygdala has been traditionally divided into two divisions based on inputs from the main (olfactory amygdala) or accessory (vomeronasal amygdala) olfactory bulbs, supposedly playing different and independent functional roles detecting odors and pheromones, respectively. Recently, there has been increased anatomical evidence of convergence inputs from the main and accessory bulbs in some areas of the amygdala, and this is correlated with functional evidence of interrelationships between the olfactory and the vomeronasal systems. This has lead to the characterization of a third division of the chemosensory amygdala, the mixed chemosensory amygdala, providing a new perspective…

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala.

2008

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory …

The importance of extranodal extension in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, in the light of the new AJCC cancer staging system

2017

Immune cells in colorectal cancer: prognostic relevance and therapeutic strategies.

2008

During the last two decades, considerable efforts have been made to improve the prevention, early diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer by gaining enhanced insights into disease-specific pathogenesis. Along these lines, tumor-infiltrating immune cells turned out to be critical indicators for an efficient antitumor immune response and the number and type of tumor-infiltrating immune cells determined the resulting tumor prognosis. This review aims to describe the prognostic relevance of the different subsets of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and highlights their specific function in the complex process of immune system-mediated rejection of colorectal cancer cells. Considering the clini…