Search results for " surplus"
showing 10 items of 21 documents
Descriptive literature review of the added value of virtual realities in vocational education and training
2020
Tarkastelemme tässä katsaus artikkelissa virtuaalitodellisuusteknologian (VR) hyödyntämistä ammattikasvatuksen kentällä viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana. Tavoitteenamme on selvittää, minkälaista empiiristä tutkimusta aiheesta on tehty ja minkälaista lisäarvoa VR tuottaa ammattikasvatukselle 13 tutkimusartikkelin perusteella. Tulosten perusteella tutkimus VR:n hyödyntämisestä ammattikasvatuksessa on yhtäältä lisääntynyt, mutta toisaalta empiirisiä tuloksia on vielä suhteellisen vähän. Tutkimus on toistaiseksi keskittynyt käyttökokemuksiin erilaisia VR-sovelluksia hyödynnettäessä. Havaitsemamme lisäarvo liittyy erityisesti reaalimaailman rajoitusten ylittämiseen ja erilaisten oppimisprosessie…
When is there more employment, with individual or collective wage bargaining?
2019
Abstract In a standard Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides labour market with frictions, the authors seek to determine when there is more employment with individual wage bargaining than with collective wage bargaining, using a wage equation generated by the standard total surplus sharing rule. Using a Cobb-Douglas production function, they find that if the bargaining power of the individual is high compared to the bargaining power of the union, there is more unemployment with individual wage setting and vice versa. When the individual worker and the union have the same bargaining power, if the cost of opening a vacancy is sufficiently high, there is more unemployment with individual wage setting. …
Rail access charges and internal competition in high speed trains
2016
Abstract This paper develops an ex ante analysis of the introduction of on-track competition in High Speed Rail (HSR) lines. The distinctive elements of our analysis are the consideration of: (i) the vertical structure of the rail sector, (ii) operators that compete in prices and number of services, and (iii) access charges for the use of the rail infrastructure that are endogenous. We provide simulation results for three Spanish HSR routes. The socio-economic viability of entry is found to depend on whether infrastructure and rail operations are integrated or separated, and also on the policy rule to set rail access charges. Firstly, separation without entry is not an appropriate good poli…
Demand for and Pricing of Mobile Internet: Evidence from a Real-World Pricing Experiment
2006
Commercialization of innovations frequently stumbles. A prominent recent example are the early (i.e. pre3G)mobile phone-enabled Internet services, whose European takeup was slower than expected. To determine why, we build a structural model of demand for such services and estimate it using consumerlevel panel data from a real world pricing experiment. The experiment allows for a decomposition of the number of wireless connections into the number of needs instances where a consumer would establish a connection if the price were zero and the conditional probability of establishing a connection. We find that needs were plenty and potential consumer surplus several magnitudes higher than that a…
Institutional systems inducing R&D in Amazon- the role of an investor surplus toward stakeholder capitalization
2020
Abstract Amazon demonstrated a conspicuous increase in R&D and became the world's top R&D firm in 2017 with a skyrocketing increase in market capitalization, making it close to being the world's biggest company. Such a remarkable accomplishment can be attributed to Amazon's institutional systems, which orchestrate techno-financing systems that fuse a unique R&D transformation system and a sophisticated financing system centered on the cash conversion cycle (CCC). These institutional systems support and endorse aggressive investment in R&D that incorporates the characteristics of uncertainty, a long lead time, and successive inflows of very large amounts of funding without interruption. Whil…
A Model of Multiproduct Price Competition
1997
Abstract We provide a simple model of price competition in a multiproduct oligopoly market. The products are of general nature. We find that a pure strategy equilibrium exists and every equilibrium consumption maximizes the total social surplus. Consumers are characterized by a set function which determines their willingness to pay for every subset of products. If this function is convex, the set of equilibrium prices coincides with the core of a cooperative game generated by this set function and the firms extract total industry surplus. If it is concave, the only equilibrium price of a product is its marginal contribution to the consumer's total willingness to pay. Journal of Economic Lit…
Explotación de la tierra y tipos de mercado en la agricultura de la España contemporánea. Un comentario
1992
Se hace un repaso a los materiales presentados para el debate de la circulación del excedente en la España rural contemporánea. El debate se centró en las relaciones de propiedad y formas de tenencia de la tierra, la caracterización de los mercados agrarios y configuración de estrategias de participación en los mismos, y en las formas de gestión de las explotaciones. En las ponencias se destacó la intensa y diversa participación de los agentes sociales en los mercados de factores y los cambios en las formas de tenencia y explotación de la tierra como "estrategia" de adaptación de los propietarios a las diferentes coyunturas agrarias. The various points presented for the discussion over the …
Mapping Economic Activity in the European Union: Do Ownership, Industry and Location Matter?
2020
The paper proposes a new method for analysing the structure and dynamics of economic activity undertaken by locally owned and foreign-owned companies within the European Union. We employ an unsupervised learning algorithm that generates a neural network depicted on Kohonen maps and offering a clustering of companies with a different ownership (local and foreign) from various industries and countries of the European Union during 2009–2016. The research methodology, based on a self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm, belongs to a class of neural networks trained to organize data so that unknown patterns may be discovered, thus leading to results that cannot be attained by more traditional cluster…
Environmental taxation, information precision, and information sharing
2022
We analyze how environmental taxes should be optimally levied when the regulators and firms face costs uncertainties in a Stackelberg-Cournot game. We allow linear-quadratic payoffs functions coupled with an affine information structure encompassing common and private information with noisy signals. In the first period, the regulator chooses the intensity of emissions taxes in order to reduce externalities. In the second period, facing industry-related and firm-specific shocks, firms compete in the marketplace as Cournot rivals and choose outputs. We show that, given costs uncertainties with non-uniform quality of signals across firms, the regulator sets differentiated tax policy. We also e…
Water distribution network robust design based on energy surplus index maximization
2015
The aim of this paper is to show that energy surplus indices, such as resilience index, besides providing a very good indirect measure of water distribution network reliability to be adopted during the design phase, represent also a valuable and effective indicator of the robustness of the network in alternative network scenarios, and can thus be profitably used in condition of future demands uncertainty. The methodology adopted consisted of (I) multi-objective design optimization performed in order to minimize construction costs while maximizing the resilience index; (II) retrospective performance assessment of the alternative solutions of the Pareto front obtained, under demand conditions…