Search results for " system"
showing 10 items of 57397 documents
Experimental and numerical investigation of laboratory crystal growth furnace for the development of model-based control of CZ process
2019
Abstract The presented study is focused on laboratory Czochralski crystal growth experiments and their mathematical modelling. The developed small-scale CZ crystal growth furnace is described as well as the involved automation systems: crystal radius detection by image recognition, temperature sensors, adjustable heater power and crystal pull rate. The CZ-Trans program is used to model the experimental results – transient, 2D axisymmetric simulation software primarily used for modelling of the industrial-scale silicon crystal growth process. Poor agreement with the experimental results is reached; however, the proven ability to perform affordable, small-scale experiments and successfully mo…
State-space formulation of scalar Preisach hysteresis model for rapid computation in time domain
2015
A state-space formulation of classical scalar Preisach model (CSPM) of hysteresis is proposed. The introduced state dynamics and memory interface allow to use the state equation, which is rapid in calculation, instead of the original Preisach equation. The main benefit of the proposed modeling approach is the reduced computational effort which requires only a single integration over the instantaneous line segment in the Preisach plane. Numerical evaluations of the computation time and model accuracy are provided in comparison to the CSPM which is taken as a reference model.
Influence of surface topography on depth profiles obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
2000
A method for determining correct depth profiles from samples with rough surfaces is presented. The method combines Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with atomic force microscopy. The topographical information obtained by atomic force microscopy is used to calculate the effect of the surface roughness on the backscattering spectrum. As an example, annealed Au/ZnSe heterostructures are studied. Gold grains were observed on the surfaces of the annealed samples. The annealing also caused diffusion of gold into the ZnSe. Backscattering spectra of the samples were measured with a 2 MeV 4He+ ion beam. A scanning nuclear microprobe was used to verify the results by measuring backscattering fro…
Deep insight into electron transport and photovoltaic parameters in DSSCs
2019
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and nanotubes (NTs) with different weight ratios and phase compositions were fabricated. The obtained nanostructures were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the electron transport and photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. An increase of 14% in cell efficiency was achieved by introducing 10 wt% NTs. In this configuration, high dye loading is ensured and substantial improvement in electron transport efficie…
Atomic structure of manganese-doped yttrium orthoaluminate
2018
Abstract Using hybrid exchange-correlation functional within density functional theory we have performed first-principle total energy calculations of Mn-doped yttrium orthoaluminate (YAlO3). Its equilibrium atomic structure has been predicted through optimization of coordinates of all atoms using a supercell approach. In our research both Mn3+ and Mn2+ ions have been substituted for the host alumina atom at orthorhombic Pbnm unit cell of YAlO3. F-center has been implemented as charge-compensating defect in case, when Mn2+ dopant is under study. In this study we thoroughly analyze the atomic displacements in seven nearest to Mn ion coordination spheres. Insertion of isoelectronic substitutio…
A comparative study on the compatibility of liquid lead–gold eutectic and liquid lead–bismuth eutectic with T91 and SS 316LN steels
2012
Abstract Liquid lead–gold eutectic (LGE) is considered as a potential target material for high power spallation sources. In the present work, the corrosion effects of LGE on T91 and SS 316LN steels have been investigated in comparison with that of liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) under the same testing conditions. Two tests were conducted at 400 °C for 1800 h and at 450 °C for 1300 h, in which specimens of the two steels were exposed to 1 m/s flowing LGE and LBE. Surface inspections showed that the specimens underwent a mixed corrosion mode of dissolution and oxidation. The results obtained from the SS 316LN specimens are very interesting. Firstly, EDX (electron energy dispersion X-ray sp…
On the solution of a parabolic PDE involving a gas flow through a semi-infinite porous medium
2021
Abstract Taking as start point the parabolic partial differential equation with the respective initial and boundary conditions, the present research focuses onto the flow of a sample of waste-water derived from a standard/conventional dyeing process. In terms of a highly prioritized concern, meaning environment decontamination and protection, in order to remove the dyes from the waste waters, photocatalyses like ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles were formulated, due to their high surface energy which makes them extremely reactive and attractive. According to the basics of ideal fluid, the key point is the gas flow through an ideal porous pipe consisting of nanoparticles bound one to each other, for…
Influence of Sr addition on structural, dielectric and Raman properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3ceramics
2016
ABSTRACTLead free (Na0.5Bi0.5)1-xSrxTiO3 (x = 0, 0.01 and 0.02) ceramics were produced by a conventional solid-state sintering method. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the obtained samples possess the perovskite structure with rhombohedral symmetry. The microstructure study shows a dense structure, in agreement with the relative density (above 97%). Dielectric analysis revealed the diffuse character of the electric permittivity anomalies and their shift to a lower temperature range after Sr doping of NBT. The Raman spectra are similar for all samples in agreement with the X-ray diffraction data. The possible origin of the observed effects was discussed.
Raman spectra and anomalies of dielectric properties and thermal expansion of lead-free (1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3 (x = 0, 0.08 and 0.1) ceramics
2016
ABSTRACTThermal expansion, Raman and dielectric properties of the lead-free (1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3 (x = 0, 0.08 and 0.1) ceramic solid solutions, fabricated by the conventional solid-state reaction method, were investigated. The Sr-doping results in an increase of the dielectric permittivity, broadening of the permittivity maximum, enhancement of the relaxation near depolarization temperature, broadening of the Raman bands and shift of all anomalies toward lower temperatures. The observed effects are attributed to an increase of the degree of cationic disorder and enhancement of the relaxor-like features. Anomalies in the thermal expansion strain were observed at the temperatures corre…
Relaxation of polarization in (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.93Sb0.07)O3 ferroelectric ceramics modified by BaTiO3
2017
ABSTRACTA study of low-frequency relaxation of polarization in conventionally prepared ceramic compounds of (1-x)(K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.93Sb0.07)O3+xBaTiO3+0.5mol.%MnO2 (x = 0.02, 0.04) examined over a wide temperature range is reported. Anomalous behavior of the temperature dependence of the coercive field Ec(T) is detected in the temperature range of the orthorhombic to tetragonal phase transition. The observed features of polarization are assigned to dynamics of the domain structure at the temperature range of phase coexistence.