Search results for "BENEFIT"
showing 10 items of 471 documents
Social return on investment (SROI), including elements on cost-benefit Analysis
2017
The chapter deals with the theme of social return on investments (SROI), including general elements of cost–benefit analysis (CBA). In addition, some major appraisal tools for public projects are discussed. SROI is a method that aims to measure social outputs, and value of social outcomes in monetary terms (Boyd, 2004). The basic assump- tion underlying the SROI technique is that all economic organizations (whether private or public) have an impact on people, society and the environment. Thus, the technique is always underpinned by an underlying model or conception of society. Such an impact can be strictly economic, social, and/or environmental, respectively. By economic we mean all that h…
Rilievi interpretativi del concetto di successo per il fenotipo start-up e la sottostante funzione imprenditoriale del founder
2020
Il lavoro si sofferma sul concetto di successo aziendale a partire da una consapevole definizione del finalismo aziendale e quindi delle ragioni e degli obiettivi che l'azienda è chiamata a perseguire; un riferimento specifico viene fatto alle startup e al modello di business (e relativi presupposti etici) che deve delinearne l'avvio e lo sviluppo nel mercato. Spunti di riflessioni e suggerimenti di metriche di valutazione vengono desunti dal tipo delle benefit corporation.
An assessment of energy vulnerability in Small Island Developing States
2020
Abstract Small Island Developing States (SIDS) suffer from several structural characteristics that jeopardize their ability to achieve a sustainable energy future. Their reliance on imported fossil fuels exacerbates their exposure to external threats on international energy markets. Their energy systems are also exposed to internal disturbances that disrupt the proper production, transmission and distribution of energy. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which island energy systems are vulnerable to shocks and internal dysfunctions over which they have no control. For this purpose, we build a composite index of energy vulnerability using the Multi-Layer Benefit-of-the-Dou…
A composite indicator of social inclusion for European countries
2012
Social inclusion is one of seven key challenges of the European Union Sustainable Development Strategy. We use a set of sub-indicators to measure social inclusion for 26 member countries of the European Union. In particular, we aggregate four basic indicators in a multiplicative composite indicator via a DEA-BoD approach with weights determined endogenously by imposing proportion constraints. We obtain a score of social inclusion that allows us to grade 26 European countries in 2008, 2009 and 2010 during the European phase of the financial and economic crisis.
La prestación de maternidad en los supuestos de gestación subrogada
2018
Surrogate pregnancy, as a technique of assisted reproduction prohibited by Spanish law, raises a number of legal questions than, in certain cases, trascend of the Civil Law. Specifically, it has been discussed about de possibility that de person or persons consigner in the gestation contract substitution have access to the provision for maternity benefit. Recently, the Spanish Supreme Court has responded to this issue in the sense of recognizing the right to the provision for maternity benefit to the father or mother ?in fact?, efecttively, develop own parental powers.
AN ACTUARIAL BALANCE SHEET MODEL FOR DEFINED BENEFIT PAY-AS-YOU-GO PENSION SYSTEMS WITH DISABILITY AND RETIREMENT CONTINGENCIES
2014
AbstractIn this paper, we develop a theoretical basis for drawing up a “Swedish” type actuarial balance sheet for a defined benefit pay-as-you-go (DB PAYG) scheme with retirement and disability benefits. Our model enables us to obtain the system's expected average turnover duration, measure the scheme's solvency and explore the phenomenon identified as “pension reclassification”, a widespread practice that masks the system's real status unless further pension information becomes available. The model is clearly linked to actuarial practice in social security and gives partial support to the practical adaptation of Swedish methodology carried out by OSFI (2012) in applying the concept of the …
An Actuarial Balance Model for DB PAYG Pension Systems with Disability and Retirement Contingencies
2012
In this paper we develop a theoretical basis for drawing up a “Swedish” type actuarial balance sheet for a defined benefit pay-as-you-go (DB PAYG) scheme with retirement and disability benefits. Our model enables us to obtain the system's expected average turnover duration, measure the scheme's solvency and explore the phenomenon identified as “pension reclassification”, a widespread practice that masks the system's real status unless further pension information becomes available. The model is clearly linked to actuarial practice in social security and gives partial support to the practical adaptation of Swedish methodology carried out by OSFI (2012) in applying the concept of the contribut…
De l'égalité formelle aux usages réels : déterminants et effets du suivi des MOOC dans les trajectoires socio-professionnelles
2018
Education and vocational training are central institutions in today’s society. They play an important role in guaranteeing people’s social and professional integration. They are also considered strategic pillars of economic growth in “the knowledge society” (CE, 2000). However, despite their basis in democratic values and principles, there are still many inequalities in access and outcomes in both compulsory academic and vocational education. Moreover, because of the increasing flexibility and insecurity of work in the current labor market, a diploma is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for stable employment. In this context, the rise of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) raises qu…
Converting retirement benefit into a life care annuity with graded benefits
2016
AbstractThis paper deals with life care annuities, i.e. bundled products comprising a life annuity and long-term care insurance. It aims to assess the cost of converting retirement benefit into a life care annuity with graded benefits using a pre-existing public pay-as-you-go pension scheme. With this objective in mind, we present an actuarial method based on array calculus for valuing this type of life care annuity. The health dynamics of the annuitant rely on a reversible illness-death multistate framework. The paper contains a numerical example in which mortality and disability assumptions are based on data from the USA and Australia, although this should be viewed simply as an illustrat…
Designing and pricing guarantee options in defined contribution pension plans
2015
Abstract The shift from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) is pervasive among pension funds, due to demographic changes and macroeconomic pressures. In DB all risks are borne by the provider, while in plain vanilla DC all risks are borne by the beneficiary. However, for DC to provide income security some kind of guarantee is required. A minimum guarantee clause can be modeled as a put option written on some underlying reference portfolio and we develop a discrete model that selects the reference portfolio to minimize the cost of a guarantee. While the relation DB–DC is typically viewed as a binary one, the model shows how to price a wide range of guarantees creating a continu…