Search results for "Balancing"

Inbreeding depression in the effects of body mass on energy use

2011

Large organisms have higher metabolic rates than small organisms but, if we compare their relative metabolic rates (i.e. per gram of tissue), this relationship is very often reversed. The pervasiveness of this phenomenon, called metabolic scaling, has attracted several theoretical explanations, and also produced lingering debate over whether metabolic scaling is a physically constrained and universally constant phenomenon or a more variable and evolutionarily malleable trait. To bring novel insights to this debate, we manipulated male Gryllodes sigillatus crickets’ coefficients of inbreeding to determine whether metabolic scaling is sensitive to the manipulation of genetic quality. Because …

P2P-PL: A pattern language to design efficient and robust peer-to-peer systems

2017

To design peer-to-peer (P2P) software systems is a challenging task, because of their highly decentralized nature, which may cause unexpected emergent global behaviors. The last fifteen years have seen many P2P applications to come out and win favor with millions of users. From success histories of applications like BitTorrent, Skype, MyP2P we have learnt a number of useful design patterns. Thus, in this article we present a P2P pattern language (shortly, P2P-PL) which encompasses all the aspects that a fully effective and efficient P2P software system should provide, namely consistency of stored data, redundancy, load balancing, coping with asymmetric bandwidth, decentralized security. The…

The Duty to Punish Racial Hate v. Freedom of Expression: Looking for a Fair Balance in the Domestic Implementation of CERD Obligations

2021

2015

Small and isolated populations usually exhibit low levels of genetic variability, and thus, they are expected to have a lower capacity to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, such as exposure to pathogens and parasites. Comparing the genetic variability of selectively neutral versus functional loci allows one to assess the evolutionary history of populations and their future evolutionary potential. The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) control immune recognition of parasites, and their unusually high diversity is genes which is likely driven by parasite-mediated balancing selection. Here, we examined diversity and differentiation of neutral microsatellite loci and…

Analysis of load balancing and interference management in heterogeneous cellular networks

2017

To meet the current cellular capacity demands, proactive offloading is required in heterogeneous cellular networks (HetCNets) comprising of different tiers of base stations (BSs), e.g., small-cell BSs (sBSs) and conventional macro-cell BSs (mBSs). Each tier differs from the others in terms of BS transmit power, spatial density, and association bias. Consequently, the coverage range of each tier BSs is also different from others. Due to low transmit power, a fewer number of users are associated to an sBS as compared with mBS. Thus, inefficient utilization of small-cell resources occurs. To balance the load across the network, it is necessary to push users to the underloaded small cells from …

The European Courts and the Security Council: Between Dédoublement Fonctionnel and Balancing of Values: a Rejoinder to Grainne de Burca, André Nollka…

2009

* Professor of International Law, University of Naples ‘ Federico II ’ . Email: padesena@tin.it ; Associate Professor of International Law, University of Palermo. Email: chiara.vitucci@unipa.it 1 Nollkaemper, ‘ The European Courts and the Security Council: Between Dedoublement Fonctionnel and Balancing of Values: A Reply to De Sena and Vitucci ’ , 20 EJIL (2009) 862. Andre Nollkaemper, Grainne de Burca and Iris Canor have made a number of critical observations which are – in part at least – interesting and useful. A full examination of them would probably demand more time and more space than we have been given here. Nevertheless, we will try to reply to some of their remarks and to clear up…

Design of energy efficient MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks

2014

Masteroppgave i Informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi IKT590 Universitetet i Agder 2014 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used in variety of applications such as in military and defense, process control industry and health monitoring applications. In WSNs, sensors are in small size with limited battery capacity and idle listening is a crucial problem which consumes more energy. Duty cycling (DC) is a technique which is used in many medium access control (MAC) protocols to reduce idle listening. In this thesis, we propose an asynchronous DC protocol, namely energy balancing asynchronous cooperative transmission medium access control (EB-ACT-MAC), which balances the remaining energ…

On the development of a communication-aware task mapping technique

2004

Clusters have become a very cost-effective platform for high-performance computing. In these systems, although currently existing networks actually provide enough bandwidth for the existing applications and workstations, the trend is towards the interconnection network becoming the system bottleneck. Therefore, in the future, scheduling strategies will have to take into account the communication requirements of the applications and the communication bandwidth that the network can offer. One of the key issues in these strategies is the task mapping technique used when the network becomes the system bottleneck.In this paper, we propose a communication-aware mapping technique that tries to mat…

A task scheduling algorithm for HPC applications using colored stochastic Petri Net models

2017

The increase in demand for High Performance Computing (HPC) scientific applications motivates the efforts to reduce costs of running these applications. The problem to solve is that of dynamical multi-criterial optimal scheduling of an application on a HPC platform with a high number of heterogeneous nodes. The solution proposed by the authors is a HPC hardware-software architecture that includes the infrastructure for two level (node and inter-node level) adaptive load balancing. The article presents the development of an Coloured Petri Net(CPN) for such an architecture. The model was used for the development of a dynamic distributed algorithm for the scheduling problem. The CPN allowed a …

Is TCP Packet Reordering Always Harmful?

2004

IP networks do not provide any guarantee that packets belonging to the same flow are delivered in the correct order. Out-of-order reception of packets was commonly considered due to pathological network conditions (such as link failures, etc.). However, it has been shown that packet reordering is a phenomenon which occurs even in normal network operation, due to a number of link-level and/or router-level implementation features, such as local parallelism and load balancing. Packet reordering is intuitively considered as a negative phenomenon, which may severely affect TCP traffic performance since it is expected to cause inefficient usage of the available link bandwidth and is expected to i…