Search results for "Brain"
showing 10 items of 3997 documents
The Forebrain of the Blind Cave Fish <i>Astyanax hubbsi </i>(Characidae)
1997
This paper presents a survey of the cell groups in the telencephalon of the teleost Astyanax hubbsi, based on series of transverse sections stained with the Nissl-Kluver-Barrera and Bodian procedures. The work was conducted for two reasons. Firstly, it was intended to determine the contribution of the forebrain of blind cave fish to certain forms of behavior. An understanding of the anatomy of the telencephalic organization is essential for such a neuroethological approach. The second purpose was to provide the cytoarchitectural basis for the experimental analysis of the fiber connectivity of the telencephalon of A. hubbsi. Furthermore, information about the forebrain of characids is widely…
Septal complex of the telencephalon of the lizardPodarcis hispanica. II. afferent connections
1997
The afferent connections to the septal complex were studied in the lizard Podarcis hispanica (Lacertidae) by means of a combination of retrograde and anterograde tracing. The results of these experiments allow us to classify the septal nuclei into three main divisions. The central septal division (anterior, lateral, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and medial septal nuclei plus the nucleus of the posterior pallial commissure) receives a massive, topographically organized, cortical projection (medial, dorsal, and ventral areas) and widespread afferents from the tuberomammillary hypothalamus and the basal telencephalon. Moreover, it receives discrete projections from the dorsomedial anterior thal…
PET Studies of d-Methamphetamine Pharmacokinetics in Primates: Comparison with l-Methamphetamine and (—)-Cocaine
2007
The methamphetamine molecule has a chiral center and exists as 2 enantiomers, d-methamphetamine (the more active enantiomer) and l-methamphetamine (the less active enantiomer). d-Methamphetamine is associated with more intense stimulant effects and higher abuse liability. The objective of this study was to measure the pharmacokinetics of d-methamphetamine for comparison with both l-methamphetamine and (-)-cocaine in the baboon brain and peripheral organs and to assess the saturability and pharmacologic specificity of binding.d- and l-methamphetamine and (-)-cocaine were labeled with (11)C via alkylation of the norprecursors with (11)C-methyl iodide using literature methods. Six different ba…
Retinoic Acid and the Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: Fighting Back-to-Back?
2019
Background:There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, how these commensals influence disease risk and progression still has to be deciphered.Objective:The objective of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the interplay between gut microbiota and retinoic acid. The latter one represents one of the important micronutrients, which have been correlated to Alzheimer’s disease and are used in initial therapeutic intervention studies.Methods:A selective overview of the literature is given with the focus on the function of retinoic acid in the healthy and diseased brain, its metabolism…
An insect brain computational model inspired by Drosophila melanogaster: architecture description
2010
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an extremely interesting insect because it shows a wealth of complex behaviors, despite its small brain. Nowadays genetic techniques allow to knock out the function of defined parts or genes in the Drosophila brain. Together with specific mutants which show similar defects in those parts or genes, hypothesis about the functions of every single brain part can be drawn. Following these experiments, a computational model of the fly Drosophila has been designed with a view to its robotic implementation.
Neuropsychological underpinnings of the dynamics of bipolar disorder
2015
Although we have gained enormous insights into neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD) symptoms, our knowledge concerning pathogenic mechanisms initiating recurrent affective episodes is still fragmentary. Previous research has highlighted the role of significant life events and social rhythm in recurrent episodes of mania and depression. However, most studies share the drawback of retrospective self-report data, which are prone to recall biases and limited introspective abilities. Therefore, more objective data, such as neuropsychological and neurobiological measures are needed to further unravel the pathogenic mechanisms of the dynamics of bipolar disorder…
Prognostic value of neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF) in patients with colorectal cancer during chemotherapy
2019
INTRODUCTION: The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein belonging to neurotrophins that plays a key role in the proper development and functioning of the mammalian central nervous system. Previous studies have focused on assessment of the BDNF concentration in blood serum as a potential biomarker in neurological disorders. Recently, the BDNF signalling pathway has been recognised as a potential target for anticancer drugs, while its receptor (TrkB) as an oncogene in colorectal cancer cells. Despite the significant role in carcinogenesis, there are few studies on BDNF as a biomarker in colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 25 patients with clinically and…
Is Oxidative Stress the Link Between Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, Sleep Disruption, and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in the Onset of Alzheimer’s Dis…
2021
Oxidative stress is an early occurrence in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and one of its proposed etiologic hypotheses. There is sufficient experimental evidence supporting the theory that impaired antioxidant enzymatic activity and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) take place in this disease. However, the antioxidant treatments fail to stop its advancement. Its multifactorial condition and the diverse toxicological cascades that can be initiated by ROS could possibly explain this failure. Recently, it has been suggested that cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) contributes to the onset of AD. Oxidative stress is a central hallmark of CSVD and is depicted as …
Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges
2021
International audience; Drug delivery and distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and the inner ear represent a challenge for the medical and scientific world, especially because of the blood–brain and the blood–perilymph barriers. Solutions are being studied to circumvent or to facilitate drug diffusion across these structures. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which can be coated to change their properties and ensure biocompatibility, represents a promising tool as a drug carrier. They can act as nanocarriers and can be driven with precision by magnetic forces. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use of SPIONs in the CNS and the inner e…
Use of Early Juvenile Zebrafish Danio Rerio for In-Vivo Assessment of Endocrine Modulation by Xenoestrogens
2013
Reliable and cost-effective early-life stage (ELS) bioassays incorporating practical experimentation without compromising scientific relevance are crucial in chemical risk assessment. This study investigated the use of 20 days- post-fertilization life stage ( 20dpfZF ) of zebrafish Danio rerio to screen environmental chemicals known to be estrogenic in adult fish. Firstly, studies with key genes in steroidogenesis were conducted; the brain isoform of aromatase gene ( cyp19a1b ) being the most prominently expressed biomarker. Regulation of mRNA levels of molecular biomarkers, vitellogenin 1 gene ( vtg1) and cyp19a1b were selected to assess the endocrine modulation by xenoestrogens, 17α-ethin…