Search results for "COD"

2014

Here we investigate the connection between topological order and the geometric entanglement, as measured by the logarithm of the overlap between a given state and its closest product state of blocks. We do this for a variety of topologically-ordered systems such as the toric code, double semion, color code, and quantum double models. As happens for the entanglement entropy, we find that for sufficiently large block sizes the geometric entanglement is, up to possible sub-leading corrections, the sum of two contributions: a bulk contribution obeying a boundary law times the number of blocks, and a contribution quantifying the underlying pattern of long-range entanglement of the topologically-…

Messenger RNA degradation is initiated at the 5′ end and follows sequence- and condition-dependent modes in chloroplasts

2011

Using reporter gene constructs, consisting of the bacterial uidA (GUS) coding region flanked by the 5' and 3' regions of the Chlamydomonas rbcL and psaB genes, respectively, we studied the degradation of mRNAs in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in vivo. Extending the 5' terminus of transcripts of the reporter gene by more than 6 nucleotides triggered rapid degradation. Placing a poly(G) tract, known to pause exoribonucleases, in various positions downstream of the 5' terminus blocked rapid degradation of the transcripts. In all these cases the 5' ends of the accumulating GUS transcripts were found to be trimmed to the 5' end of the poly(G) tracts indicating that a 5' → 3' exori…

2016

The goal of this article is to present a first list of ethical concerns that may arise from research and personal use of virtual reality (VR) and related technology, and to offer concrete recommendations for minimizing those risks. Many of the recommendations call for focused research initiatives. In the first part of the article, we discuss the relevant evidence from psychology that motivates our concerns. In section 1.1, we cover some of the main results suggesting that one’s environment can influence one’s psychological states, as well as recent work on inducing illusions of embodiment. Then, in section 1.2, we go on to discuss recent evidence indicating that immersion in VR can have psy…

Adaptive antioxidant methionine accumulation in respiratory chain complexes explains the use of a deviant genetic code in mitochondria

2008

Humans and most other animals use 2 different genetic codes to translate their hereditary information: the standard code for nuclear-encoded proteins and a modern variant of this code in mitochondria. Despite the pivotal role of the genetic code for cell biology, the functional significance of the deviant mitochondrial code has remained enigmatic since its first description in 1979. Here, we show that profound and functionally beneficial alterations on the encoded protein level were causative for the AUA codon reassignment from isoleucine to methionine observed in most mitochondrial lineages. We demonstrate that this codon reassignment leads to a massive accumulation of the easily oxidized …

Over 100 Years of Age But Still Entrepreneurially Active in Business: Exploring the Values and Family Characteristics of Old Finnish Family Firms

2002

This article, based on an exploratory study of old Finnish family firms, examines two main research questions: “How do certain firms that have been involved in business for over one century perceive and rank their business values]” and “How do the members of the owner-families self-assess their family characteristics in these century-old family firms]” There are only 68 companies that belong to either the FBN-Finland Association (Perheyritysten liitto ry) or the Association of Finnish Entrepreneurs (Suomen yrittäjät ry) that are over 100 years of age. The data, based on self-assessments of the present active family executives working at the top level, were drawn from 10 FBN companies and 1…

Inhibition of expression of natural UAG suppressor glutamine tRNA in HIV-infected human H9 cells in vitro by Avarol.

1988

HTLV-IIIB-infected H9 cells are shown to contain a high level of the natural UAG suppressor glutamine tRNA(UmUG Gln); this tRNA has been demonstrated to be required for the synthesis of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV)-encoded protease. After cultivation of HTLV-IIIB-infected H9 cells with Avarol at a concentration (1 microgram/ml), previously found to protect the cells against the cytopathic effects of HTLV-III, an almost complete inhibition of the synthesis of the tRNA(UmUG Gln) was observed. Moreover, we obtained some evidence that the processing of the HTLV-III precursor protein p53 to p24 is inhibited by Avarol in infected cells, suggesting that the compound interferes with the …

Translational read-through as an alternative approach for ocular gene therapy of retinal dystrophies caused by in-frame nonsense mutations

2014

AbstractThe eye has become an excellent target for gene therapy, and gene augmentation therapy of inherited retinal disorders has made major progress in recent years. Nevertheless, a recent study indicated that gene augmentation intervention might not stop the progression of retinal degeneration in patients. In addition, for many genes, viral-mediated gene augmentation is currently not feasible due to gene size and limited packaging capacity of viral vectors as well as expression of various heterogeneous isoforms of the target gene. Thus, alternative gene-based strategies to stop or delay the retinal degeneration are necessary. This review focuses on an alternative pharmacologic treatment s…

Mutation Analysis Identifies GUCY2D as the Major Gene Responsible for Autosomal Dominant Progressive Cone Degeneration

2008

PURPOSE. Heterozygous mutations in the GUCY2D gene, which encodes the membrane-bound retinal guanylyl cyclase-1 protein (RetGC-1), have been shown to cause autosomal dominant inherited cone degeneration and cone–rod degeneration (adCD, adCRD). The present study was a comprehensive screening of the GUCY2D gene in 27 adCD and adCRD unrelated families of these rare disorders. METHODS. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing as well as PCR and subsequent restriction length polymorphism analysis (PCR/RFLP). Haplotype analysis was performed in selected patients by using microsatellite markers. RESULTS. GUCY2D gene mutations were identified in 11 (40%) of 27 patients, and all mutation…

ASLA: reverse engineering approach for software license information retrieval

2006

Software maintenance and reuse require identification of the applied software licenses. The information needs of maintainers and reusers can be supported by reverse engineering tools at different information retrieval levels. The paper presents a reverse engineering approach called ASLA for retrieving license information typically used in OSS. User needs, system architecture, tool features, and tool evaluation are presented. The implemented tool features include support for identifying source file dependencies and licenses in source files. The tool is evaluated against another tool for license information extraction. ASLA supports the same programming languages as GCC. License identificatio…

ISAdetect

2020

Static and dynamic binary analysis techniques are actively used to reverse engineer software's behavior and to detect its vulnerabilities, even when only the binary code is available for analysis. To avoid analysis errors due to misreading op-codes for a wrong CPU architecture, these analysis tools must precisely identify the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of the object code under analysis. The variety of CPU architectures that modern security and reverse engineering tools must support is ever increasing due to massive proliferation of IoT devices and the diversity of firmware and malware targeting those devices. Recent studies concluded that falsely identifying the binary code's ISA ca…