Search results for "Ceph"
showing 10 items of 2036 documents
Cortical Temperature Change: A Tool for Modulating Brain States?12
2016
Reduction in temperature depolarizes neurons by a partial closure of potassium channels but decreases the vesicle release probability within synapses. Compared with cooling, neuromodulators produce qualitatively similar effects on intrinsic neuronal properties and synapses in the cortex. We used this similarity of neuronal action in ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized mice and non-anesthetized mice to manipulate the thalamocortical activity. We recorded cortical electroencephalogram/local field potential (LFP) activity and intracellular activities from the somatosensory thalamus in control conditions, during cortical cooling and on rewarming. In the deeply anesthetized mice, moderate cortical co…
Lissencephalic syndromes: brain and beyond
2009
Lissencephaly has been long maintained a malformation involving only the brain. Classic lissencephaly includes agyria and pachygyria and it is the most severe form of malformations derived from abnormal neuronal migration. It is defined as a smooth or nearly smooth cerebral surface with absence of normal sulci and gyria. It encompasses a group of syndromes which show many different clinical conditions. Four groups are actually distinguished: classic lissencephaly variants, other lissencephalies including forms with unknown pathogenesis, microlissencephaly spectrum and Cobblestone cortical malformations. Several genes and proteins are involved in this syndromic spectrum and each year new mol…
The role of the claustrum in the bilateral control of frontal oculomotor neurons in the cat.
1991
The effect of claustrum (CL) stimulation on the spontaneous unitary activity of ipsi and contralateral frontal oculomotor neurons, was studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. A total of 205 units was bilaterally recorded in the medial oculomotor area, homologous of the primate "frontal eye fields"; 127 neurons were identified as projecting to the superior colliculus; for 33 of these last units stimulation of the ipsilateral CL provoked an excitatory effect lasting 10-25 ms and appearing with a latency of 5-15 ms; on 8 units the excitatory effect was followed by an inhibition lasting 100-250 ms. Ninety-eight of the 127 neurons were also tested through activation of the contralateral CL: 13…
Distribution of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in the chick and quail brain
2000
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing neurones have been implicated in the transmission of visceral sensory information to the cortex and in the control of arterial blood pressure in mammals. However, little is known about its function in other vertebrates. As a first step toward investigating the function of CGRP in birds, its distribution was studied in the domestic chick and quail brain by means of immunocytochemistry, by using antibodies against rat CGRP. The distribution of CGRP immunoreactivity in the chick and quail central nervous system was found to be similar. CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRPi) perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. In the diencephalon, CGRPi perika…
DNA barcoding reveals different cestode helminth species in northern European marine and freshwater ringed seals
2021
Three subspecies of the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) are found in northeastern Europe: P. h. botnica in the Baltic Sea, P. h saimensis in Lake Saimaa in Finland, and P. h. ladogensis in Lake Ladoga in Russia. We investigated the poorly-known cestode helminth communities of these closely related but ecologically divergent subspecies using COI barcode data. Our results show that, while cestodes from the Baltic Sea represent Schistocephalus solidus, all worms from the two lakes are identified as Ligula intestinalis, a species that has previously not been reported from seals. The observed shift in cestode communities appears to be driven by differential availability of intermediate fish host spec…
Variance Thresholded EMD-CCA Technique for Fast Eye Blink Artifacts Removal in EEG
2017
International audience; Eye blink (EB) artifacts generated during eye blinks often contaminate electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Previously Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), hybrid EMD-CCA were developed for EB artifact removal in EEG. However, EMD restricts the hybrid algorithm for real time implementation due to its slow processing nature, hence the algorithm has to be enhanced so that it can be a viable solution for real-time EB artifact removal. In this research work, to avoid applying EMD repetitively as and when EB artifacts occur, a method to use EMD minimally is approached. A suitable EB artifact region is detected through a variance thres…
Artificial intelligence for affective computing : an emotion recognition case study.
2020
This chapter provides an introduction on the benefits of artificial intelligence (Al) techniques for the field of affective computing, through a case study about emotion recognition via brain (electroencephalography EEG) signals. Readers are first pro-vided with a general description of the field, followed by the main models of human affect, with special emphasis to Russell's circumplex model and the pleasur-arousal-dominance (PAD) model. Finally, an AI-based method for the detection of affect elicited via multimedia stimuli is presented. The method combines both connectivity-and channel-based EEG features with a selection method that considerably reduces the dimensionality of the data and …
Elevated NKG2D ligand expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
2014
T cells remain unclear. Expressing myelin-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) is not sufficient to make a T cell encephalitogenic. In fact, the frequencies of myelin-reactive T cells are comparable between MS patients and healthy individuals, but the ones in MS patients have activated/memory phenotypes. In the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myelin-specific T cells activated with antigen presenting cells (APCs) plus myelin peptide are encephalitogenic, whereas T cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies are not. This suggests that APCs provide critical cytokines beyond T cell receptor activation and co-stimulation, contributing to encephalitogenicity. To …
The action of TH17 cells on blood brain barrier in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
2019
Th17 cells, known as a highly pro-inflammatory subtype of Th cells, are involved very early in numerous aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) neuropathology. A crucial event for the formation and accumulation of MS lesions is represented by the disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in relapsing-remitting MS. Th17 cells also contribute to the progression of MS/EAE. These events will allow for the passage of inflammatory cells into the brain. Secondary to this, increased recruitment of neutrophils occurs, followed by increased protease activity that will continue to attract macrophages and monocytes, leading to brain inflammation with sus…
Battered child syndrome: cerebral ultrasound and CT findings after vigorous shaking.
1992
Child abuse by whiplash-shaking can lead to severe cerebral damage, neurological defects and mental retardation. Cerebral damage has been found with and without external evidence of head injury. We report the sonographic findings in two children after traumatization due to repetitive vigorous whiplash shaking. Cerebral sonography revealed cerebral edema at admission or within 48 hours thereafter. Follow-up studies demonstrated development of marked brain atrophy in both cases. The sonographic findings were confirmed by cranial computerized tomography. Doppler sonography was used to monitor cerebral perfusion by measuring intracranial blood flow. The clinical history of the patients demonstr…