Search results for "Cholines"
showing 10 items of 241 documents
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the efficacy and safety for mul…
2016
Abstract Background Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AceI) and memantine might prove useful in bipolar disorder (BD) given their neuroprotective and pro-cognitive effects, as highlighted by several case reports. We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of AceI and memantine across multiple outcome dimensions in BD. Methods Systematic PubMed and SCOPUS search until 04/17/2015 without language restrictions. Included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open label studies and case series of AceI or memantine in BD patients reporting quantitative data on depression, mania, psychotic symptoms, global functioning, or cognitive performance. We summarized results using a best-…
Acute toxicity of dichlorvos to Aphanius iberus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846) and its anti-cholinesterase effects on this species
2008
This study evaluates the toxic effects of the organophosphate pesticide (OP) dichlorvos to the endangered Iberian toothcarp (Aphanius iberus). To this end, the lethal toxicity of dichlorvos based on 96 h-LC50 bioassays was determined in saline water (50 g/L), and in vivo effects of dichlorvos on cholinesterase (ChE) activity were investigated in adult female and male specimens. The 96 h-LC50 value determined by probit analysis was 3.17 mg/L (95% confidence limits: 1.34-3.97). The characterisation of the ChE using different substrates and specific inhibitors was also carried out in head and muscle tissues. Acetylthiocholine was the substrate preferred by both head and muscle ChE in males and…
Carnitine congener mildronate protects against stress- and haloperidol-induced impairment in memory and brain protein expression in rats.
2014
The present study investigates the efficacy of mildronate, a carnitine congener, to protect stress and haloperidol-induced impairment of memory in rats and the expression of brain protein biomarkers involved in synaptic plasticity, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholine esterase and glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). Two amnesia models were used: 2h immobilization stress and 3-week haloperidol treatment. Stress caused memory impairment in the passive avoidance test and induced a significant 2-fold BDNF elevation in hippocampal and striatal tissues that was completely inhibited by mildronate. Mildronate decreased the level of GAD67 (but not acetylcholine esterase) e…
Presynaptic nicotine receptors mediating a positive feed-back on transmitter release from the rat phrenic nerve.
1986
The effects of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and of nicotine receptor antagonists on [3H]acetylcholine release from the rat phrenic nerve preincubated with [3H]choline were investigated in the absence and presence of cholinesterase inhibitors (presynaptic effects). Additionally, the effects of hexamethonium and tubocurarine on the muscle contraction of the indirectly stimulated diaphragm were examined (postsynaptic effects). DMPP (1-30 microM) increased (76-92%), whereas hexamethonium (0.001-1 mM) and tubocurarine (1-10 microM) decreased (52-60%) the release of [3H]acetylcholine following a train of 100 pulses at 5 Hz. The release caused by a longer train (750 pulses at 5 Hz) was…
Impaired neuromuscular transmission during partial inhibition of acetycholinest-erase: The of stimulus-induced antiromic backfiring in the generation…
1992
Neuromuscular transmission was studied in the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) partially inactivated. Enzyme inhibition resulted in (1) increased single-twitch tension of the diaphragm; (2) compound muscle action potential (CMAP) containing repetitive discharges; (3) stimulus-induced antidromic backfiring (SIAB) seen in the phrenic nerve; and (4) repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) eliciting a decrement-increment (D-I) phenomenon (i.e., amplitude reduction maximal with the second CMAP). Using a high-calcium and low-magnesium solution, SIAB and the decrement of the second CMAP during RNS were intensified, whereas closely spaced trains and (+)-tubocu…
Can exercise-induced muscle damage be related to changes in skin temperature?
2018
Measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography has become popular in sports, and has been proposed as an indicator of exercise-induced muscle damage after exercise. However, the relationship between skin temperature and exercise-induced muscle damage is still unclear. Here we set out to investigate the relationship between skin temperature and exercise-induced muscle damage.Twenty untrained participants completed a protocol of exercise for calf muscles. Before and after exercise blood samples were collected to determine creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase activity. Thermal images were recorded from the exercised muscles to determine skin temperature. Delayed onset muscle s…
The effect of physostigmine on the vagally induced muscarinic inhibition of noradrenaline release from the isolated perfused rabbit atria.
1982
1. Presynaptic cholinergic-adrenergic interactions were studied on isolated perfused rabbit atria with the extrinsic right vagus and sympathetic innervation intact. The transmitter stores were labelled with 14C-choline and 3H-noradrenaline. The radioactive compounds were separated on columns and determined by scintillation spectrometry. The stimulation-evoked overflow of both transmitters was calcium-dependent and abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2. Methacholine caused a concentration-dependent decrease of atrial tension development and 3H-noradrenaline overflow evoked by 3 Hz sympathetic stimulation. Vagus nerve stimulation (1–20Hz), although nearly abolishing tension development at 20Hz, decrea…
Effects of oxotremorine and physostigmine on the inhibitory avoidance impairment produced by amitriptyline in male and female mice.
2009
We have previously observed that amitriptyline and other antidepressants produce impairing effects on inhibitory avoidance (also called passive avoidance) in mice of both sexes. In the present study we investigated the involvement of the cholinergic system in the inhibitory avoidance impairment produced by acute amitriptyline in male and female CD1 mice. For this purpose, the effects on said task of acute i.p. administration of several doses of amitriptyline, either alone or in combination with the cholinergic agonists oxotremorine and physostigmine, were evaluated. Pre-training administration of 5, 7.5, 10 or 15 mg/kg of amitriptyline produced a significant impairment of inhibitory avoidan…
Suppression by cholinesterase inhibition of a Ca(2+)-independent efflux of [3H]acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction of the isolated rat diap…
1992
Abstract Endplate preparations of the left rat hemidiaphragm were incubated with [ 3 H]choline to label neuronal acetylcholine stores. Elevation of the concentration (13.5–135 mmol/l) of extracellular potassium chloride (KC1) stimulated the release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine in a concentration-dependent manner. KC1 (27 mmol/l) still caused a significant efflux of [ 3 H]acetylcholine in a Ca 2+ -free medium. Inhibitors of cholinesterase (physostigmine, diisopropylfluorophosphate) suppressed by 80% this Ca 2+ -independent efflux of [ 3 H]acetylcholine. Vesamicol (10 μmol/l), the blocker of the vesicular acetylcholine carrier, also suppressed the stimulated, Ca 2+ -independent efflux of [ 3 H]acet…
The role of choline in the release of acetylcholine in isolated hearts.
1978
1. The concentrations of acetylcholine, choline and noradrenaline were estimated in the perfusate (overflow) of isolated hearts of chickens, cats, rabbits and guinea pigs. Neurotransmitter release was evoked by stimulation of both vagus nerves and by direct stimulation of the heart (field stimulation). 2. In the absence of exogenous choline and physostigmine, field stimulation at 20 Hz for 20 min caused an overflow of acetylcholine from the hearts of the 4 species investigated. During vagal stimulation, however, acetylcholine was detected only in the perfusate of the chicken heart. 3. Field stimulation for 2 min caused an overflow of 193 pmol g−1 min−1 acetylcholine and of 666 pmol g−1 min−…