Search results for "Cortex"

Could the Combined Administration of Bone Antiresorptive Drug, Taxanes, and Corticosteroids Worsen Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Ca…

2018

The study presents a report of 58 metastatic cancer patients who developed osteonecrosis of the jaws after being treated with zoledronic acid and taxanes, plus corticosteroids. A retrospective analysis of data registered in the archives of two Italian osteonecrosis of the jaws treatment centers, who are based at the University of Messina and at the University of Palermo, was performed in order to study, in these patients, demographic data and characteristics such as frequency of cancer location, lines of therapy, frequency of cancer drugs, presence/absence of oral trigger, number, location, and stage of jaw osteonecrosis. It was found that the majority of patients developed advanced stages …

Novel inulin-based mucoadhesive micelles loaded with corticosteroids as potential transcorneal permeation enhancers

2017

In this work a new copolymer of inulin (INU) derivatized with ethylendiamine (EDA) and retinoic acid (RA), named INU-EDA-RA, was synthetized, characterized and employed to produce micelles as carriers for topical administration of corticosteroids for the potential treatment of diseases of posterior eye segment. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a molar derivatization degree of 11.30 and 4.30% in EDA and RA, respectively. INU-EDA-RA micelles are capable of strong mucoadhesive interactions which result time-independent and stable over time but concentration depending. Moreover micelles are able to encapsulate efficiently from 3 to 13% (w/w) of lipophilic drugs, as dexamethasone, triamcinolone …

In situ delivery of corticosteroids for treatment of oral diseases.

2017

In many mucocutaneous disorders, corticosteroids therapy is currently central. Systemic therapy is restricted to severe disorders whereas topical applications are considered as the first-line treatment. The oral cavity environment, the medication form and other factors related to the delivery method are key factors for the therapy efficiency and effectiveness. Current marketed medications are not able to avoid wrong drug exposure and scarce patients’ compliance. Innovative in situ delivery systems are able to prolong the drug retention time on the mucosa and to avoid the drawbacks of conventional formulations. This review is intended to give a general overview of oral mucocutaneous patholo…

Structural effects and neurofunctional sequelae of developmental exposure to psychotherapeutic drugs: experimental and clinical aspects

2004

The advent of psychotherapeutic drugs has enabled management of mental illness and other neurological problems such as epilepsy in the general population, without requiring hospitalization. The success of these drugs in controlling symptoms has led to their widespread use in the vulnerable population of pregnant women as well, where the potential embryotoxicity of the drugs has to be weighed against the potential problems of the maternal neurological state. This review focuses on the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of five broad categories of widely available psychotherapeutic drugs: the neuroleptics, the antiepileptics, the antidepressants, the anxiolytics and mood stabilizers, an…

Safety of the current drug treatments for vitiligo

2020

Introduction: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting skin disorder adversely affecting the patient's quality of life. Despite the presence of several treatment modalities, ranging from medical to physical to surgical options, none is curative. Each modality has its own drawbacks and side effects. Thus, the treatment modality needs to be tailored for each individual patient taking into consideration the disease characteristics and also its efficacy and safety to obtain a favorable risk-benefit ratio.Areas covered: This review highlights the different treatment modalities utilized in vitiligo up until 4 November 2019 along with their adverse effects and contraindications, if any.Expert opinion:…

Revisiting the left convexity hypothesis: changes in the mental apparatus after left dorso-medial prefrontal damage

2016

It has been 15 years since Kaplan-Solms and Solms published their Clinical Studies in Neuropsychoanalysis, where they proposed a neuroanatomy of the mental apparatus. One of their main observations was that damage to certain areas of the left prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly those related to expressive language (Broca’s area), did not generate changes in the mental apparatus. However, a limitation of their model was that it did not include patients with damage to other areas of the left PFC. The main goal of this paper is to update Kaplan-Solms and Solms’ model through the description of id, ego and superego changes in a case of left dorso-medial prefrontal damage (Professor F). Data f…

Cerebellar magnetic stimulation decreases levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease

2009

BACKGROUND: The neural mechanisms and the circuitry involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are still partially obscure. LID can be considered the consequence of an abnormal pattern or code of activity that originates and is conveyed from the basal ganglia to the thalamus and the cortical motor areas. However, not only striatothalamocortical motor circuits but also other interconnected pathways could be implicated in its pathogenesis. METHODS: In a series of experiments, we applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the lateral cerebellum in a group of patients with advanced Parkinson disease, to investigate whether modulation of cerebellothalamocortical circuits…

2021

Dystonia, a debilitating neurological movement disorder, is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and develops from a complex pathophysiology. Graph theoretical analysis approaches have been employed to investigate functional network changes in patients with different forms of dystonia. In this study, we aimed to characterize the abnormal brain connectivity underlying writer's cramp, a focal hand dystonia. To this end, we examined functional magnetic resonance scans of 20 writer's cramp patients (11 females/nine males) and 26 healthy controls (10 females/16 males) performing a sequential finger tapping task with their non-dominant (and for patients non-dystonic) hand. Functional …

Electrophysiological evidence for change detection in speech sound patterns by anesthetized rats

2014

Human infants are able to detect changes in grammatical rules in a speech sound stream. Here, we tested whether rats have a comparable ability by using an electrophysiological measure that has been shown to reflect higher order auditory cognition even before it becomes manifested in behavioral level. Urethane-anesthetized rats were presented with a stream of sequences consisting of three pseudowords carried out at a fast pace. Frequently presented “standard” sequences had 16 variants which all had the same structure. They were occasionally replaced by acoustically novel “deviant” sequences of two different types: structurally consistent and inconsistent sequences. Two stimulus conditions we…

2015

The manner in which populations of inhibitory (INH) and excitatory (EXC) neocortical neurons collectively encode stimulus-related information is a fundamental, yet still unresolved question. Here we address this question by simultaneously recording with large-scale multi-electrode arrays (of up to 128 channels) the activity of cell ensembles (of up to 74 neurons) distributed along all layers of 3–4 neighboring cortical columns in the anesthetized adult rat somatosensory barrel cortex in vivo. Using two different whisker stimulus modalities (location and frequency) we show that individual INH neurons – classified as such according to their distinct extracellular spike waveforms – discriminat…