Search results for "DEB"

Contingent Convertible Bonds for Sovereign Debt Risk Management

2018

Abstract We consider convertible bonds that contractually stipulate payment standstill, contingent on a market indicator of a sovereign’s credit worthiness breaching a distress threshold. This financial innovation limits ex ante the likelihood of debt crises and imposes ex post risk sharing between creditors and the debtor. Drawing from literature on contingent contracts, neglected risks, and bank CoCo, we extend prevailing arguments in favor of sovereign CoCo (S-CoCo). We discuss issues relating to their design: which market trigger, market discipline and sovereign incentives, and errors of false alarms or missed crises, and provide supporting evidence with eurozone data and a simple simul…

An institutional view on access to finance by Tanzanian women-owned enterprises

2017

We investigate the limited use of bank and microfinance loans by Tanzanian female entrepreneurs. Using survey data, we observe that female entrepreneurs mainly use informal sources to finance their businesses. We analyze how “perceptions” of gendered cognitive and normative institutions determine whether a female entrepreneur applies for a formal loan. Following results stand out: first, we find that high collateral requirements, interest rates and personal guarantee requirements make formal loans unattractive. Second, female entrepreneurs only apply when they expect to be successful. Since they “perceive” access to finance to be more problematic for women,female entrepreneurs are discourag…

Psychometric Properties of the Indebtedness Scale (IS-R) in Spanish University Students

2019

The importance of trait indebtedness in the context of the study of gratitude has been growing in recent years, since both constructs form complex dynamics in response to the reception of a gift. In this work, the disposition to feel indebtedness is studied, through analysis of convergence and divergence, exploratory, and confirmatory analysis in the Spanish population, with the most used measurement instrument, i.e. The Revised Indebtedness Scale, IS-R. This scale depicted a four factor solution interrelated with a high consistency of content, which allows their labeling and describing. To do this, two samples of university students were selected; one of the sample sizes had 229 participan…

Granulocyte Activity Is Enhanced by Culture Supernatants of Mononuclear Leukocytes Incubated with Tetrachlorodecaoxide

1995

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs) and monocytes/ macrophages are important in wound healing. Within the first few hours PMNs and monocytes begin to infiltrate sites of injury. The major function of PMNs is to kill microbes and phagocytose cellular debris so that healing can proceed [1]. Monocytes/macrophages invading the wound are also active in phagocytosis. In addition they release a number of cytokines including growth factors, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) needed for new tissue formation and shown to stimulate PMNs [1–3].

Lessons in clinical reasoning – pitfalls, myths, and pearls: the contribution of faulty data gathering and synthesis to diagnostic error

2021

Abstract Objectives Errors in clinical reasoning are a major factor for delayed or flawed diagnoses and put patient safety at risk. The diagnostic process is highly dependent on dynamic team factors, local hospital organization structure and culture, and cognitive factors. In everyday decision-making, physicians engage that challenge partly by relying on heuristics – subconscious mental short-cuts that are based on intuition and experience. Without structural corrective mechanisms, clinical judgement under time pressure creates space for harms resulting from systems and cognitive errors. Based on a case-example, we outline different pitfalls and provide strategies aimed at reducing diagnost…

Inhibition of Peripheral Dopamine Metabolism and the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in the Rat

2014

Dopamine (DA) is a putative neurotransmitter in the carotid body engaged in the generation of the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). However, the action of endogenous DA is unsettled. This study seeks to determine the ventilatory effects of increased availability of endogenous DA caused by inhibition of DA enzymatic breakdown. The peripheral inhibitor of MAO – debrisoquine, or COMT – entacapone, or both combined were injected to conscious rats. Ventilation and its responses to acute 8 % O2 in N2 were investigated in a whole body plethysmograph. We found that inhibition of MAO augmented the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia. Inhibition of COMT failed to influence the hypoxic response. Ho…

Self-inflicted oral soft-tissue burn due to local behavior and treatment

2010

Injuries to oral soft-tissues can occur due to accidental, iatrogenic, and factitious traumas. They may present as burns, ulcerations, and gingival recession. Chemical, thermal, and physical agents are the main causative agents for oral soft-tissues burns. The purpose of this case report was to illustrate the destructive nature of the local behavior and to describe the successful treatment of this case. A 20-year-old girl with severe pain and burning sensation in the left maxillary region, which was interfering with normal eating and speaking, was admitted to periodontology clinic. Upon questioning, the patient readily admitted traumatizing her gingival and cheek mucosa with alcohol. Treatm…

Moxifloxacin versus Clindamycin/Ceftriaxone in the management of odontogenic maxillofacial infectious processes: a preliminary, intrahospital, contro…

2015

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the days of hospitalization length between patients treated with Moxifloxacin with that of patients treated with a Clindamycin/Ceftriaxone combination and additionally, to isolate and identify the oral pathogens involved in orofacial odontogenic infections. Material and Methods: A pilot-controlled-clinical-trial was carried out on hospitalized patients with cervicofacial odontogenic abscesses or cellulitis, who were randomly asigned to two study groups: 1) patients who received Moxifloxacin, and 2) patients receiving Clindamycin/Ceftriaxone combination. Infiltrate samples were collected through transdermic or transmucosal punction and later c…

Retrospective study comparing escharotomy incidencein the treatment of deep circular burns affecting limbs with traditional treatment or enzymatic de…

2019

Oral myiasis in a cerebral palsy patient: A case report

2010

Myiasis is a rare condition caused by the invasion of tissues by the larvae of flies, mainly from the order of Diptera. Many cases of myiasis involving various human organs have been reported. Oral Myiasis is very rare in healthy persons. It occurs mainly in the tropics and is usually associated with inadequate personal and public hygiene; sometimes accompanied by poor manual dexterity. We present a case of oral myiasis in a mentally retarded, 13- year-old boy suffering with cerebral palsy. The diagnosis was based on the characteristic clinical features and the visualization of wriggling larvae. Large numbers of larvae were found in the gingival sulcus. Treatment consisted of manual removal…