Search results for "Degeneration"

Translational Value of CSF and Blood Markers of Autoimmunity and Neurodegeneration

2021

Protective potential of glucagon like peptide 2 (GLP-2) against the neurodegeneration

2019

Neurodegeneration consists in loss of neuron specific types, pattern and distribution, leading to progressive dysfunctions of the central nervous system. Neurodegenerative diseases include diverse pathological conditions, among which Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are the most prevalent ones. Alzheimer’s disease is known as a growing dementia, characterized by progressive language, memory, and cognitive loss, while Parkinson’s disease is primarily characterized as a motor disorder. Senile plaques, caused by amyloid β peptide, hyperphosphorylated tau-based neurofibrillary tangles and synapse loss, are the principal pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid β oligomer forma…

Editorial: Pathophysiologic Insights From Biomarker Studies in Neurological Disorders

2020

Financial Aspects of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review of Recent Literature

2020

Recently, there has been significant interest in understanding the cost-effectiveness of treatments in spine surgery as health care systems in the United States move toward value-based care and alternative payment models. Previous studies have shown comparable outcomes of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) and anterior cervical discectomy fusion; however, there is a lack of consensus on the cost-effectiveness of CDA to support full adoption. Evidence of the limitations of these cost-analysis studies also exists in the literature, including industry funding, potential selection bias, and varying methods of calculating value. The goal of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the co…

Molecular and kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase in the degenerating peripheral nerve

1966

Abstract Electrophoretic and catalytic studies have been carried out on lactate dehydrogenase of normal and transected sciatic nerves of the rat. Lactate dehydrogenase of the intact nerve exhibits an almost even distribution of activity among its component iso-enzymes. The complete transection of the nerve is responsible for a deep and immediate shift of the enzyme towards the so-called muscle type pattern. Seven days after the nerve section the percentage activity of iso-enzyme 5 is almost three times higher than in the intact nerve. After a short lag period lactate dehydrogenase specific activity (activity/mg protein) undergoes a sharp decrease in transected nerves. The return of the elec…

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration

2015

This review focuses on oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure for understanding mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open-angle glaucoma. The chapter shows scientific evidence for the role of mitochondrial disbalance and reactive oxygen species in glaucoma neurodegeneration. Mitochondria regulate important cellular functions including reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial alterations result from a wide variety of damaging sources. Reactive oxygen species formed by the mitochondria can act as signaling molecules, inducing lipid peroxidation and/or excitotoxicity with the result of cell lesion and death. Antioxidants may help to counteract oxidative stress…

Deregulated Splicing Is a Major Mechanism of RNA-Induced Toxicity in Huntington's Disease.

2019

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, translating into an elongated polyglutamine stretch. In addition to the neurotoxic mutant HTT protein, the mutant CAG repeat RNA can exert toxic functions by trapping RNA-binding proteins. While few examples of proteins that aberrantly bind to mutant HTT RNA and execute abnormal function in conjunction with the CAG repeat RNA have been described, an unbiased approach to identify the interactome of mutant HTT RNA is missing. Here, we describe the analysis of proteins that preferentially bind mutant HTT RNA using a mass spectrometry approach. We show that (I) the majority of proteins captured by mutant…

Role of Adenosine Receptors in Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases with Motor Symptoms

2021

: The approval of istradefylline, an adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, as an addon treatment in adult patients with Parkinson’s disease by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), is the latest proof of the importance of the adenosinergic system in the nervous system. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with a role as a modulator of both neurotransmission and the inflammatory response. As such, the expression pattern of the 4 adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R) and the extracellular adenosine levels have attracted great interest in the pathogenesis and possible treatment of rare neurodegenerative diseases with motor symptoms. The…

Downregulation of the Astroglial Connexin Expression and Neurodegeneration after Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus

2022

Astrocytic networks and gap junctional communication mediated by connexins (Cxs) have been repeatedly implicated in seizures, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy. However, the effect of seizures on Cx expression is controversial. The present study focused on the response of Cxs to status epilepticus (SE), which is in turn an epileptogenic insult. The expression of neuronal Cx36 and astrocytic Cx30 and Cx43 mRNAs was investigated in the brain of rats in the first day after pilocarpine-induced SE. In situ hybridization revealed a progressive decrease in Cx43 and Cx30 mRNA levels, significantly marked 24 h after SE onset in neocortical areas and the hippocampus, and in most thalamic domains, whereas…

Transgenic overexpression of corticotropin releasing hormone provides partial protection against neurodegeneration in an in vivo model of acute excit…

2008

Abstract Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is the central modulator of the mammalian hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition, CRH affects other processes in the brain including learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, CRH has been shown to play a role in nerve cell survival under apoptotic conditions and to serve as an endogenous neuroprotectant in vitro . Employing mice overexpressing murine CRH in the CNS, we observed a differential response of CRH-overexpressing mice (CRH-COE hom -Nes) to acute excitotoxic stress induced by kainate compared with controls (CRH-COE con -Nes). Interestingly, CRH-overexpression reduced the duration of epileptic seizures and pre…