Search results for "Dependence"
showing 10 items of 2462 documents
Isolation decreases physical and motivational aspects of morphine withdrawal
2005
Environmental manipulations such as social housing conditions of animals may play a role in the expression of individual differences in response to drugs. This study aimed to evaluate whether isolated and grouped mice develop different degrees of morphine dependence. Isolated and grouped mice were rendered morphine dependent employing two different methods of induction: a fast or slow protocol, both reaching the same maximum daily dose (100 mg/kg). Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal was assessed using a modified Gellert-Holtzman scale and a conditioned place aversion (CPA) procedure. Isolated animals manifested fewer signs of physical dependence than grouped mice and only those receiving …
Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior
2010
Contains fulltext : 89305.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Smoking is a common risk factor for many diseases. We conducted genome-wide association meta-analyses for the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in smokers (n = 31,266) and smoking initiation (n = 46,481) using samples from the ENGAGE Consortium. In a second stage, we tested selected SNPs with in silico replication in the Tobacco and Genetics (TAG) and Glaxo Smith Kline (Ox-GSK) consortia cohorts (n = 45,691 smokers) and assessed some of those in a third sample of European ancestry (n = 9,040). Variants in three genomic regions associated with CPD (P < 5 x 10(-8)), including previously identified SNPs at 15q25 repre…
Intergenerational continuity in parents’ and adolescents’ externalizing problems: The role of life events and their interaction with GABRA2.
2015
We examine whether parental externalizing behavior has an indirect effect on adolescent externalizing behavior via elevations in life events, and whether this indirect effect is further qualified by an interaction between life events and adolescents’ GABRA2 genotype (rs279871). We use data from 2 samples: the Child Development Project (CDP; n = 324) and FinnTwin12 (n = 802). In CDP, repeated measures of life events, mother-reported adolescent externalizing, and teacher-reported adolescent externalizing were used. In FinnTwin12, life events and externalizing were assessed at age 14. Parental externalizing was indexed by measures of antisocial behavior and alcohol problems or alcohol dependen…
A longitudinal examination of dyadic distress patterns following a skills intervention for carers of adolescents with anorexia nervosa
2016
Family interventions in anorexia nervosa (AN) have been developed to ameliorate maladaptive patterns of patient-carer interaction that can play a role in illness maintenance. The primary aim of this study is to examine the inter-relationship between baseline and post-treatment distress in dyads of carers and patients with AN to examine the interdependence between carers and patients. The secondary aim is to examine whether a carer skills intervention [Experienced Carer Helping Others (ECHO)] impacts on this inter-relationship. Dyads consisting of treatment-seeking adolescents with AN and their primary carer (n = 149; mostly mothers) were randomised to receive a carer skills intervention (EC…
Sex Differences in Feedback: Effects on Rod-and-Frame Performance
1979
It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.
XRCC5 as a Risk Gene for Alcohol Dependence : Evidence from a Genome-Wide Gene-Set-Based Analysis and Follow-up Studies in Drosophila and Humans
2015
Genetic factors play as large a role as environmental factors in the etiology of alcohol dependence. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) enable systematic searches for loci not hitherto implicated in the etiology of alcohol dependence, many true findings may be missed due to correction for multiple testing. The aim of the present study was to circumvent this limitation by searching for biological system-level differences, and then following up these findings in humans and animals. Gene-set based analysis of GWAS data from 1333 cases and 2168 controls identified 19 significantly associated gene-sets of which five could be replicated in an independent sample. Clustered in these ge…
Life situation and identity among single older home-living people: A phenomenologicalhermeneutic study
2012
Being able to continue living in their own home as long as possible is the general preference for many older people, and this is also in line with the public policy in the Nordic countries. The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of self-care and health for perception of life situation and identity among single-living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway. Eleven older persons with a mean age of 78 years were interviewed and encouraged to narrate their self-care and health experiences. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The findings are presented as a n…
A Time-Lagged, Actor–Partner Interdependence Analysis of Alliance to the Group as a Whole and Group Member Outcome in Overweight and Obesity Treatmen…
2014
A time-lagged design was used to examine how the perceptions of alliance to the group as a whole by the other group members at an earlier point in the group were related to an individual group member’s perceptions of alliance to the group as a whole at a later point in the group. We also examined how treatment outcome moderated this relationship. Seventy-three patients diagnosed as overweight or obese participating in 10 short-term therapy groups provided data for analyses. Group members completed measures of cohesion to the group and alliance to the group as a whole at the third, sixth, and last session of 12-session groups as well as pre- and posttest ratings on Obesity-Related Well-Being…
The middle house or the middle floor: Bisecting horizontal and vertical mental number lines in neglect
2007
Abstract This study explores the processing of mental number lines and physical lines in five patients with left unilateral neglect. Three tasks were used: mental number bisection (‘report the middle number between two numbers’), physical line bisection (‘mark the middle of a line’), and a landmark task (‘is the mark on the line to the left/right or higher/lower than the middle of the line?’). We manipulated the number line orientation purely by task instruction: neglect patients were told that the number-pairs represented either houses on a street (horizontal condition) or floors in a building (vertical condition). We also manipulated physical line orientation for comparison. All five negl…
Matters of scale: positive allometry and the evolution of male dimorphisms
2005
J.L.T. was funded by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council research fellowship, J.S.K. by the Academy of Finland, and N.R.L. by a Natural Environment Research Council research fellowship. The developmental independence of alternative phenotypes is key to evolutionary theories of phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Male dimorphisms associated with alternative reproductive tactics are widely cited examples of such facultative expression of divergent fitness optima. Current models for the evolution of male dimorphisms invoke a size-dependent threshold at which the phenotype is reprogrammed. We use predictions derived from allometric modeling to test for the e…