Search results for "Distillation"
showing 10 items of 184 documents
A critical assessment of desalination operations in Sicily
2005
In this paper a brief history of desalination plants in Sicily is presented together with an in-depth description of processes and operating data, relevant to the plants actually operating on the island. 5 multi stage flash (MSF) units and one reverse osmosis (RO) plant are operating in Gela (total nominal production of about 80,000 m 3 /d), thus providing drinking water for more than 300,000 people living in the southern coast of the island. A thermal vapour compression multiple effect distillation (TVC-MED) plant (36,000 m 3 /d) is operating in Trapani and a small mechanical vapour compression (MVC) unit (5000 m 3 /d) is located in Porto Empedocle. In the oldest MSF units in Gela, several…
Energy saving with MSF-RO series desalination plants
2003
Two major techniques are commercially used in different parts of the world: distillation and membrane processes. The dominant distillation process is multi-stage flash (MSF), and the main membrane process is reverse osmosis (RO). Although cost factors vary by site, the total cost of producing potable water from seawater with the RO process is today usually less than thermal desalting processes and the economic advantages of RO vs. evaporation process, such as MSF, are responsible for the rapid increase in use of seawater RO. In many countries both RO and MSF processes are operating. Reduction in product water cost could be achieved when a hybrid MSF-RO system is used, instead of a parallel …
A novel solar trigeneration system integrating PVT (photovoltaic/thermal collectors) and SW (seawater) desalination: Dynamic simulation and economic …
2014
Abstract The paper investigates the integration of renewable energy sources and water systems, presenting a novel solar system producing simultaneously: electrical energy, thermal energy, cooling energy and domestic water. Such system is designed for small communities in European Mediterranean countries, rich in renewable sources and poor in fossil fuels and water resources. The polygeneration system under analysis includes PVT (photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors), a MED (multi-effect distillation) system for SW (seawater) desalination, a single-stage LiBr–H2O ACH (absorption chiller) and additional components, such as storage tanks, AHs (auxiliary heaters) and BOP (balance of plant) dev…
Model compounds of spent bleach liquor: 2,3,6-trichloro-p-cymenene and 2,3,5-trichloro-p-cymenene
1991
Abstract 2,3,6-Trichloro-p-cymene (1) was synthesized by chlorination of p-cymene. A reaction mixture was distilled in a Fischer-Spaltrohr distilling apparatus. One fraction contained small quantities of chlorinated cymenenes (two isomers) which were concentrated by preparative gas chromatography. Their FTIR and mass spectra were recorded. In earlier paper the structures of 2,3,6-trichloro-p-cymenene were verified by means of its coupled 13C NMR and mass spectra. In the present work the mass and FTIR spectral data of 2,3,5-trichloro-p-cymenene and 2,3,6-trichloro-p-cymenene are published.
Chlorination of p-cymene by chlorine in carbon tetrachloride: Model compounds for environmental analyses
1989
p-Cymene was chlorinated by chlorine in CCl4. The products of the chlorination were separated by distillation and purified by preparative gas chromatography. The structures of chlorocompounds were confirmed by means of their NMR and mass spectra. The distillation gave as the main compounds: (2) 2-chloro-, (4) 2,3-dichloro-, (5) 2,5-dichloro-, (6) 2,3,6-trichloro-, (7) 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-cymenes and as by-products: (8) 2,5,7-trichloro-p-cymene, (9) 2,6-dichloro-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)benzene (cymenene), and (10) 2,3,6-trichloro-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)benzene (cymenene).
Proposal of Isobutyl Alcohol as Entrainer To Separate Mixtures Formed by Ethanol and Water and 1-Propanol and Water
2017
Isobutyl alcohol (IBA) has been proposed as a solvent to carry out the dehydration of ethanol and 1-propanol by means of a nonconventional distillation process. In this way, isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium (VLLE) data at atmospheric pressure have been obtained for the ternary systems ethanol (1a) + water (2) + IBA (3) and 1-propanol (1b) + water (2) + IBA (3). Then, these data have been correlated to obtain a set of parameters capable of estimating VLE and VLLE. According to the results achieved, distillation sequences to separate water and ethanol or 1-propanol have been proposed. Finally, a study about the minimum amount of entrainer required to…
Pembuatan dan Analisis Bioetanol dari Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sago) Asal Papua
2012
Preparation and bio-ethanol analysis of sago (M. sago) starch from Papua have been carried out. The preparation of bioethanol was conducted by hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and purification. The length of fermentation applied is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days. Bioethanol then was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analyses were boiling point and molecular weight determination. Quantitative analyses were determination of the volume of bioethanol content and the composition of bioethanol of every length of fermentation. Based on the qualitative analyses, the samples obtained was ethanol with boiling point of 79 oC and molecular weight of 46 gram/mol. Whereas, based on t…
Thermodynamic Analysis and Process Simulation of Ethanol Dehydration via Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation
2014
The heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process is widely used to separate nonideal binary mixtures into their constituent pure components. This method uses the addition of a third component, called an entrainer, to cause liquid–liquid phase separation over a broad range of compositions in the ternary phase diagram. Ethanol dehydration was used as a case study and diisopropyl ether and isobutyl alcohol were analyzed as possible entrainers in a heterogeneous azeotropic distillation. In this way, isobaric vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium was measured for the ethanol + water + diisopropyl ether or + isobutyl alcohol ternary mixtures at 101.3 kPa. The data were correlated by the NRTL and UNIQU…
ANALISIS KADAR BIOETANOL HASIL FERMENTASI DARI NIRA NIPAH (Nypa fruticans wurmb) ASAL PAPUA
2019
This study aims to analyze the ethanol content in fermented palm juice.This research includes the preparation of raw materials, fermentation, distillation and distillation products analyzed by gas chromatography method. Fermentation is carried out for 2, 5, 7 days, the highest level of bioethanol produced is then selected for distillation. Levels the highest fermentation process is on the 5th day with a level of 18%. Got results the final distillation is 117 mL with a level of 94% of the initial volume of 4.2 L fermentation based on measurements using an alcoholmeter while the analysis by gas chromatography yielded 93.9% levels. The density of bioethanol is 0.8232 gr / mL. The results of th…
Application of advanced thermodynamics, thermoeconomics and exergy costing to a Multiple Effect Distillation plant: In-depth analysis of cost formati…
2015
Abstract The high thermal energy consumption per m3 fresh water is one of the main barriers to the spread of thermally driven desalination processes and has limited their use to applications in countries with high reserves of fossil fuels or to specific technological solutions like dual purpose cogeneration plants and solar desalination systems. Being energy conversion efficiency a major issue to improve the performance of thermally driven desalination plants, thermoeconomic analysis has been attracting the efforts of researchers for the identification of margins for process improvement. In this paper a rigorous exergy and thermoeconomic analysis is presented for an 8 effect forward feed Mu…