Search results for "EFE"
showing 10 items of 5785 documents
Segregation of areas related to visual working memory in the prefrontal cortex revealed by rTMS.
2002
The functional organization of working memory (WM) in the human prefrontal cortex remains unclear. Storage and processing functions might be segregated in ventral and dorsal areas of the prefrontal cortex, respectively. If so, storage functions might be spared, irrespective of informational domain, following damage or dysfunction in dorsolateral areas. Alternatively, WM and prefrontal function in general might be segregated according to informational domains (e.g. spatial versus object-based information). In the present study we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to directly test these competing hypotheses. We applied rTMS to transiently and selectively disrupt the fun…
Chronometry of parietal and prefrontal activations in verbal working memory revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation.
2003
We explored the temporal dynamics of parietal and prefrontal cortex involvement in verbal working memory employing single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In six healthy volunteers the left or right inferior parietal and prefrontal cortex was stimulated with the aid of a frameless stereotactic system. TMS was applied at 10 different time points 140-500 ms into the delay period of a two-back verbal working memory task. A choice reaction task was used as a control task. Interference with task accuracy was induced by TMS earlier in the parietal cortex than in the prefrontal cortex and earlier over the right than the left hemisphere. This suggests a propagation of information flow…
The influence of rTMS over prefrontal and motor areas in a morphological task: grammatical vs. semantic effects
2008
We investigated the differential role of two frontal regions in the processing of grammatical and semantic knowledge. Given the documented specificity of the prefrontal cortex for the grammatical class of verbs, and of the primary motor cortex for the semantic class of action words, we sought to investigate whether the prefrontal cortex is also sensitive to semantic effects, and whether the motor cortex is also sensitive to grammatical class effects. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to suppress the excitability of a portion of left prefontal cortex (first experiment) and of the motor area (second experiment). In the first experiment we found that rTMS applied to t…
The what and how of observational learning
2007
Abstract Neuroimaging evidence increasingly supports the hypothesis that the same neural structures subserve the execution, imagination, and observation of actions. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the specific roles of cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in observational learning of a visuomotor task. Subjects observed an actor detecting a hidden sequence in a matrix and then performed the task detecting either the previously observed sequence or a new one. rTMS applied over the cerebellum before the observational training interfered with performance of the new sequence, whereas rTMS applied over the DLPFC interfered with performa…
Trait self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping motives in sports situations
2012
International audience; We examined the relationship between physical self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping among athletes by taking motives into consideration. In Study 1, 99 athletes were asked to report their tendency to engage in claimed self-handicapping for self-protective and self-enhancement motives (trait measures). Low self-esteem athletes reported a higher tendency to engage in claimed self-handicapping for these two motives compared with high self-esteem athletes. Neither low nor high self-esteem athletes reported a preference for one motive over the other. In Study 2, 107 athletes participated in a test that was ostensibly designed to assess high physical abilities - and th…
Correlating testosterone and fighting in male participants in judo contests
2000
The role of hormones in human aggression is open to debate, but takes on a new urgency owing to the alarming abuse of androgenic anabolic steroids by some sports participants. In this study, video-taped behavior exhibited by 28 male competitors during a judo fight was assessed to analyze its relation to serum testosterone and cortisol levels measured before and after the bouts. A positive relation between testosterone and offensive behaviors was obtained in the sense that the greater the hormonal titer, the greater the number of threats, fights, and attacks. These findings coincide with the pattern of relationships found using observational scales. Conversely, cortisol also presented positi…
Facilitating Effect of Natural Frequencies: Size Does Not Matter
2009
The question of whether humans are able to work in a Bayesian way is currently a topic of substantial investigation. An important finding, reported by Gigerenzer and Hoffrage in 1995 is that Bayesian reasoning is facilitated when the information format corresponds to natural frequencies. The present concern was whether the facilitating effect of frequencies persists when natural frequencies relate to samples which are not convenient multiples of 10. 150 undergraduates participated as volunteers (42 men, 108 women; M age = 23 yr.). Analysis showed the effect of natural frequency formats was not dependent on size of reference class. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Confabulation: damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
2008
Confabulation, the pathological production of false memories, occurs following a variety of aetiologies involving the frontal lobes, and is frequently held to be underpinned by combined memory and executive deficits. However, the critical frontal regions and specific cognitive deficits involved are unclear. Studies in amnesic patients have associated confabulation with damage to the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. However, neuroimaging studies have associated memory-control processes which are assumed to underlie confabulation with the right lateral prefrontal cortex. We used a confabulation battery to investigate the occurrence and localisation of confabulation in an unselect…
Impact of pharmaceutical intervention on quality of life and coping strategies in patients with haematological malignancies
2015
Summary Objectives We conducted a prospective study approved by the local ethics committee to determine the impact of a pharmaceutical intervention (PI) on pain, fatigue, quality of life (QoL) and coping strategies in patients with HMs starting chemotherapy sessions. Material and methods Patients received either usual care (UC) + PI (PI group) or UC alone (UC group). They had to complete 2 questionnaires, QLQ-C30 and MAC 21, at 3 different time points: before starting the 1st chemotherapy session (T1), during the intercure (T2) and the day before starting the 2nd chemotherapy session (T3). To determine predictive factors of pain, fatigue, QoL and coping scores at T3, a multivariate ANOVA wa…
Nonlinear analysis of continuous ECG during sleep II. Dynamical measures
2000
The hypothesis that cardiac rhythms are associated with chaotic dynamics implicating a healthy flexibility has motivated the investigation of continuous ECG with methods of nonlinear system theory. Sleep is known to be associated with modulations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of cardiac dynamics. Thus, the differentiation of ECG signals recorded during different sleep stages can serve to determine the usefulness of nonlinear measures in discriminating ECG states in general. For this purpose the following six nonlinear measures were implemented: correlation dimension D2, Lyapunov exponent L1. Kolmogorov entropy K2, as well as three measures derived from the analysis of unsta…