Search results for "EXCHANGE"

Isolation of organic material from water.

1985

Family Stability and Labor Market Gender Convergence

2009

The present paper examines the historical development in the structure of the family in terms of marriage, divorce, fertility and labor 1886-2007 in order to map quantitative changes. The paper draws new information from novel Norwegian data. Along with the changing family relations we also quantify the closing of the gender gap by converging trends for both labor participation rates and wages. The paper concludes that there is a clear correspondence between gender convergence in the labor market and less stable family relations.

Some Reflections on the Economic and Political Organisation of Private Neighbourhoods

2005

The spreading of privately organised and often gated neighbourhoods in many regions of the world has triggered a widespread discussion about the relations between social and urban development. This paper presents some reflections on the economic and political organisation of this type of housing. First, the club goods theory is used to explain the potential attractiveness of this form of housing for developers, local governments as well as residents. However, the club goods theory alone does not enable one to understand the global but regionally differentiated development. Therefore, second, this paper proposes to view the analysis of private neighbourhoods as club economies against the bac…

The European Quality Framework for Traineeships - What Can the EU Learn from Spain?

2014

For many years, traineeships have been used as an excuse for “hiring” cheap labour. This usual problem has been exacerbated by the economic crisis. The regulation approved by the European Council, on a Quality framework for traineeships, has great similarities with the regulation enforced in Spain a long time ago. This regulation has not achieved the expected results in this country, so it will be difficult for it to obtain them in its spreading throughout Europe. Thus, this study compares and analyses the failures of this type of regulation, in order to ensure quality traineeships for young people, and offers solutions to those failures through an alternative regulation, simplified and mor…

Modelling the transport of carbonic acid anions through anion-exchange membranes

2003

Electrodiffusion of carbonate and bicarbonate anions through anion-exchange membranes (AEM) is described on the basis of the Nernst � /Planck equations taking into account coupled hydrolysis reactions in the external diffusion boundary layers (DBLs) and internal pore solution. The model supposes local electroneutrality as well as chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium. The transport is considered in three layers being an anion exchange membrane and two adjoining diffusion layers. A mechanism of

Reactions of Flavonoids with o‑Quinones Interfere with the Spectrophotometric Assay of Tyrosinase Activity

2016

Flavonoids are important food components with antioxidant properties and many of them have been described as tyrosinase inhibitors. Oxidation of quercetin, kaempferol, morin, catechin, and naringenin by mushroom tyrosinase and their influence on the oxidation of l-dopa and l-tyrosine was studied. Reaction rates measured spectrophotometrically and by oxygen consumption differed substantially. All tested flavonoids reacted with 4-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone and/or 4-methyl-o-benzoquinone, although at different rates. These reactions generated products whose UV-vis spectra either overlapped or did not overlap with the spectrum of dopachrome. They therefore strongly influence the kinetic analysis…

Initiation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and its effects upon cerebral circulation in pigs: an experimental study

2006

BACKGROUND: Current practice at high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) initiation is a stepwise increase of the constant applied airway pressure to achieve lung recruitment. We hypothesized that HFOV would lead to more adverse cerebral haemodynamics than does pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) in the presence of experimental intracranial hypertension (IH) and acute lung injury (ALI) in pigs with similar mean airway pressure settings. METHODS: In 12 anesthetized pigs (24-27 kg) with IH and ALI, mean airway pressure (P(mean)) was increased (to 20, 25, 30 cm H(2)O every 30 min), either with HFOV or with PCV. The order of the two ventilatory modes (cross-over) was randomized. Mean art…

Circuit Breakers – a legal analysis of volatility safeguards in the rules of stock exchanges on the occasion of the COVID-19 crisis

2020

Abstract This paper examines circuit breakers (CBs), i. e. emergency systems of trading venues that interrupt or restrain trading when significant price movements of financial instruments occur. After a description of the ratio legis and the economic fundamentals, the genesis and the different forms of CBs are presented. The European legal framework is then outlined. The relevant rules of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB) serve as an example.

A Comprehensive Look at the Real-Life Performance of Moving Average Trading Strategies

2015

Despite the enormous current interest in market timing and a series of publications in academic journals, there is still lack of comprehensive research on the evaluation of the profitability of trading rules using methods that are free from the data-snooping bias. In this paper we utilize the longest historical dataset that spans 155 years and extend previous studies on the performance of moving average trading rules in a number of important ways. Among other things, we investigate whether overweighting the recent prices improves the performance of timing rules; whether there is a single optimal lookback period in each trading rule; and how accurately the trading rules identify the bullish …

Interplay of Antiferromagnetic Coupling and Spin Crossover in Dinuclear Iron(II) Complexes

2003

This article reports on the study of the interplay between magnetic coupling and spin transition in 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpym)-bridged iron(II) dinuclear compounds. Coexistence of both phenomena has been observed in [Fe(bpym)(NCS)2]2bpym, [Fe(bpym)(NCSe)2]2bpym and [Fe(bt)(NCS)2]2bpym (bpym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine, bt = 2,2′-bithiazoline) by the action of external physical factors namely pressure or electromagnetic radiation. Competition between magnetic exchange and spin crossover has been studied in [Fe(bpym)(NCS)2]2bpym at 6.3 kbar. LIESST experiments carried out in [Fe(bpym)(NCSe)2]2bpym and [Fe(bt)(NCS)2]2bpym at 4.2 K have shown that is possible to achieve dinuclear molecules with different…