Search results for "External"
showing 10 items of 601 documents
Port–City Relationship and the Environment: Literature Survey and Methodological Approach for Project Appraisal in Presence of Environmental External…
2015
AbstractIn times of increasing environmental awareness, the port–city relationship has gained new meaning because ports have been seen as the origin of both negative and positive externalities affecting public welfare. While the former are the result of port expansion, the latter are the result of transforming obsolete port areas into recreational facilities. Therefore, to support effective policymaking, this paper considers the following question: What is the scope of economic valuation of these externalities in the context of port-project appraisal? Considering their nonmarket nature, which makes economic valuation more difficult, a contingent valuation method is introduced as an economic…
9 Development of an experimental tool to evaluate normal tissue 3D doses in external-beam radiotherapy
2018
Introduction Recently, cancer treatment improvement enabled an increase in patients’ survival rate. In more than half of the cases, radiotherapy participates in the cure for cancer. The efficacy of this technique is well known but it inevitably delivers doses to normal tissues exposing them to radio-induced complications risks [1] . Moreover, the longer patients’ life expectancy increases the risk of developing long-term complications such as second cancers. Thus, evaluating the risks following cancer treatment involving radiotherapy constitutes a major challenge. In this context, an experimental tool has been developed to evaluate normal tissue doses delivered by the different radiotherapy…
The Role of Internal Audit in Fraud Prevention and Detection
2014
Abstract This article aims to not just briefly describe the role of the internal audit in the detection of possible frauds, but also to highlight its importance in preventing the commission of frauds in any economic entity. Moreover, the analysis intends to especially point out the advantages that an internal audit can offer to the management of an economic entity and its partners, and to the society as a whole as well. Starting from the premise that auditors are not the adversaries of an entity, one should remember that: the internal audit is a function of assistance offered to the leadership of that entity in order for them to better manage their activities; it expresses judgments on all …
Internal Public Audit in the Financial Crisis Context
2013
Abstract The financial crisis effects have left their mark on the area of internal audit, but the attention on the responsibility that internal auditors could have in preventing the onset of such a crisis is quite low. Audit plays a vital role in the entities functioning by contributing to economic credibility. In this paper we have presented the role and objectives of internal audit, the organization and activity of internal audit in local government in Romania, the outsourced system and how it helped in preventing and/or managing the economic downturn.
Megacities without Global Functions.
2007
Present urban evolution is characterized by two major phenomena. On the one hand, the number of very large cities, the megacities, increases dramatically, especially in the less developed countries (LDCs). On the other hand, globalization leads to the emergence of cities coordinating complex and global economic activities, the global cities, especially in the more developed countries (MDCs). So, the two phenomena are diverging. A number of megacities do not exhibit any global function.The global performances of megacities are well correlated with their degree of economic development. But it is worth wondering why economic underdevelopment is consistent with urban growth but not with city gl…
Pricing for Reclaimed Water in Valencia, Spain: Externalities and Cost Recovery
2015
The cost of reclaimed water and the tariffs paid by water users illustrate that the principle of cost recovery is not met in the majority of water reuse projects. However, such projects may also generate positive externalities, contributing to improved welfare of the entire society. This chapter describes the case of the Valencia region of Spain, referring to agreements among water stakeholders. It also includes a proposal of pricing for reclaimed water to be implemented in this area as a pilot case in order to develop a framework for costs and financial, institutional, and social arrangements for water reuse projects. A two-part tariff with a combination of a decreasing and increasing rate…
Spatial Localization in Manufacturing: A Cross-Country Analysis
2009
This paper employs a homogenous firms' database to investigate industry localiza- tion in European countries. More specifically, we compare, across industries and countries, the predictions of two of the most popular localization indices, i.e., the Ellison and Glaeser index (Ellison and Glaeser, 1997) and the Duranton and Over- man index (Duranton and Overman, 2005). We find that, independently from the index used, localization is a pervasive phenomenon in all countries studied, but the degree of localization is very uneven across industries in each country. Furthermore, we find that the two indices significantly diverge in predicting the intensity of the forces generating localization with…
Taylor on Solidarity
2009
After characterizing Taylor’s general approach to the problems of solidarity, we distinguish and reconstruct three contexts of solidarity in which this approach is developed: the civic, the socio-economic, and the moral. We argue that Taylor’s distinctive move in each of these contexts of solidarity is to claim that the relationship at stake poses normatively justified demands, which are motivationally demanding, but insufficiently motivating on their own. On Taylor’s conception, we need some understanding of extra motivational sources which explain why people do (or would) live up to the exacting demands. Taylor accepts that our self-understanding as members of either particular communiti…
A Hermeneutical Analysis of the InternalistApproachin the Philosophy of Sport
2015
Abstract In this paper, we make a hermeneutical analysis of internalism, the dominant tradition in the philosophy of sports. In order to accomplish this, we identify the prejudices that guide the internalist view of sports, namely the Platonic-Analytic prejudice introduced by Suits, one of the forefathers of internalism. Then, we critically analyze four consequences of following such a prejudice: a) its reductive nature, b) the production of a unrealistic view of sports, c) the vagueness of the idea of excellence; and d) the leap from the descriptive analysis of the sporting phenomenon to the setting of normative requirements for the practice of sports.
Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures
2004
Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national …