Search results for "Forestry"
showing 10 items of 1998 documents
Phytotoxicity and metabolism of chlortoluron in two wheat varieties
1985
Abstract Varietal susceptibility of winter wheat to chlortoluron, 1-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-3,3 dimethylurea, has been studied in two varieties, Corin (susceptible) and Clement (tolerant). After a 24-hr root absorption of the herbicide, phytotoxicity was estimated from growth measurements. When administered at 12 to 96 μM concentrations, the herbicide reduced the growth of both varieties. A significant selective effect was found at 96 μM. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence-induction kinetics allowed to discriminate between the two varieties treated with 12 to 48 μM chlortoluron. The metabolism of chlortoluron was studied following absorption of 24 μM solutions. Both varieties produc…
The beneficial rhizosphere : a necessary strategy for microplant production
2000
Society's expectation that plant production systems will become more compatible with the environment requires the development of an agriculture with low chemical inputs. With microplants, this can be achieved successfully by the introduction of beneficial microorganisms, particularly those developing in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi has provided a wide range of examples of the usefulness of this technology. Recent results indicate that this application could be improved by combining mycorrhizal inoculation with other soil microbes with complementary beneficial effects. It is proposed that multimicrobial biotization is a valuable development for microplant technology.
Spatio-temporal pattern of Pentastiridius leporinus migration in an ephemeral cropping system
2010
International audience; * 1 Cixiid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) are considered to be important economic pests because of their ability to transmit phloem-restricted prokaryotes causing emerging plant diseases worldwide. However, little information is available on the biology and ecology of such species. This is the case for Pentastiridius leporinus (Linnaeus), a cixiid planthopper reported to live on common reed across Countries of Central and Northern Europe. However, in the east of France, the same planthopper species appears to complete its life cycle in the sugar beet-wheat cropping system and has been repeatedly shown to transmit prokaryotic plant pathogens that ar…
Climate vs grapevine pests and diseases worldwide: The first results of a global survey
2016
<p class="Abstract"><strong>Aim:</strong> This paper aimed to address the relationship between grapevine disease, pest occurrences and climate. The extremely large extension of viticulture worldwide offers the possibility to evaluate the impacts of climate variability on many aspects of the grape growing system. For this, we initiated a global survey to retrieve the most important diseases and pests in many grape growing regions worldwide and to identify the risk of exposure to pests and diseases of viticulture as a function of climate.</p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Based on the answer of respondent about the main repo…
Soil and fertilizer phosphorus : effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development
2005
Plants require adequate P from the very early stages of growth for optimum crop production. Phosphorus supply to the crop is affected by soil P, P fertilizer management and by soil and environmental conditions influencing P phytoavailability and root growth. Phosphorus uptake in many crops is improved by associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Cropping system and long-term input of P through fertilizers and manures can influence the amount and phytoavailability of P in the system and the development of mycorrhizal associations. Optimum yield potential requires an adequate P supply to the crop from the soil or from P additions. Where early-season P supply is low, P fertilization may…
Use of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics to study translocation and detoxication of DCMU-type herbicides in plant leaves
1984
Transient levels of the fluorescence induction rise were used to quantify partial photosynthesis inhibition by DCMU -type herbicides in whole leaves. Assays in different crop or weed species showed a good accuracy in measurements (generally, variation was lower than 5%). This technique was applied to the problem of varietal selectivity of wheat towards chlortoluron.
Priorities for research in soil ecology
2017
The ecological interactions that occur in and with soil are of consequence in many ecosystems on the planet. These interactions provide numerous essential ecosystem services, and the sustainable management of soils has attracted increasing scientific and public attention. Although soil ecology emerged as an independent field of research many decades ago, and we have gained important insights into the functioning of soils, there still are fundamental aspects that need to be better understood to ensure that the ecosystem services that soils provide are not lost and that soils can be used in a sustainable way. In this perspectives paper, we highlight some of the major knowledge gaps that shoul…
Reviewing research priorities in weed ecology, evolution and management: a horizon scan.
2018
Weedy plants pose a major threat to food security, biodiversity, ecosystem services and consequently to human health and wellbeing. However, many currently used weed management approaches are increasingly unsustainable. To address this knowledge and practice gap, in June 2014, 35 weed and invasion ecologists, weed scientists, evolutionary biologists and social scientists convened a workshop to explore current and future perspectives and approaches in weed ecology and management. A horizon scanning exercise ranked a list of 124 pre-submitted questions to identify a priority list of 30 questions. These questions are discussed under seven themed headings that represent areas for renewed and em…
Towards sustainable and multifunctional agriculture in farmland landscapes: Lessons from the integrative approach of a French LTSER platform
2018
International audience; Agriculture is currently facing unprecedented challenges: ensuring food, fiber and energy production in the face of global change, maintaining the economic performance of farmers and preserving natural resources such as biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services for sustainable agriculture. Addressing these challenges requires innovative landscape scale farming systems that account for changing economic and environmental targets. These novel agricultural systems need to be recognized, accepted and promoted by all stakeholders, including local residents, and supported by public policies. Agroecosystems should be considered as socio-ecological systems and alter…
Regional-scale analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: the case of Burgundy vineyards
2016
SPE IPM INRA UB; Aim : To improve knowledge of arbuscular fungal communities for a sustainable management in vineyards. Methods and results : In 16 plots across Burgundy under contrasted soil properties and agricultural practices, we assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) diversity in vine roots, using pyrosequencing of ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS). AMF sequences could be retrieved from all plots across Burgundy, both in organic and in conventional vineyards with high chemical inputs. Sequences from the survey were almost exclusively affiliated to molecular taxa in the Glomerales, including six “core species” found in all plots, corresponding to 77% of all sequences, s…