Search results for "Formate"

Properties of the Nafion membrane impregnated with hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids

2012

In this work, the Nafion 112 membrane impregnated with nine various hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids have been investigated. The used ionic liquids were combined from hydroxyl ammonium cations (2-hydroxyethylammonium/HEA, bis(2- hydroxyethyl)ammonium/BHEA, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium/THEA) and carboxylate anions (formate, acetate, lactate). The membranes are characterized by conductivity and thermal stability measurements. It was found, that almost all composites have 10 times higher ion conductivity than a pure Nafion 112 at 90 ?C in ambient environment due to the higher thermal stability. The thermal stability of Nafion membrane was increased by all studied nine ionic liquids. In th…

1991

Polyfunctional chloroformates were applied to the polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. The use of a trifunctional initiator, viz. the chloroformate of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol, led to three-arm star polymers of 2-oxazolines. Two macromolecular initiators, viz. poly(ethylene oxide) with two chloroformate end groups (α-chloroformyl-ω-chloroformyloxypoly(oxyethylene)) with number-average molar masses 350 g/mol ≤ Mn ≤ 6000 g/mol and α-chloroformyl-ω-methoxypoly(oxyethylene) with Mn = 350 and 750 g/mol were applied for the synthesis of poly(2-oxazoline)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-oxazoline) and poly(2-oxazoline)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolyme…

Darstellung eines reinen monomeren formaldehyds durch acidolytische depolymerisation von Trioxan. 22. Mitt. über polyoxymethylene1

1964

Trioxan wird mit nahezu quantitativem Umsatz kontinuierlich in einem Stickstoffstrom bei 200°C an einem Pyrophosphorsaure-Kontakt zu monomerem Formaldehyd depolymerisiert. Durch Vorpolymerisation von ca. 5% des gasformigen Formaldehyds werden die geringfugigen Verunreinigungen wie Methylformiat, Wasser und unumgesetztes Trioxan entfernt, so das das restliche Monomere eine Reinheit von mindestens 99,98% besitzt. Losungen dieses Formaldehyds in Toluol oder Diathylather zeigen zwischen –78 und –50°C eine sehr gute Haltbarkeit. Trioxane is depolymerized almost quantitatively to form monomeric formaldehyde in a flow system at 200°C. using pyrophosphoric acid as catalyst and nitrogen as a carrier…

Über die darstellung von polyoxymethylenen mit thermisch stabilen endgruppen durch übertragung der kationischen polymerisation des trioxans. 24. Mitt…

1965

Die kationische Polymerisation von Trioxan wird durch Acetale, leicht spaltbare Ather sowie durch Ester und Anhydride ubertragen. Die entstehenden Polyoxymethylene tragen Ather- bzw. Ester-Endgruppen und sind daher bis uber 200°C thermisch stabil. Um in guten Ausbeuten hochmolekulare thermisch stabile Polyoxymethylene zu erhalten, mus der Polymerisationsansatz schr weitgehend wasserfrei sein; dies kann durch Trocknung des Trioxans mit Isocyanaten in einer speziellen Apparatur erreicht werden. Die relative Ubertragungskonstante von Dimethylformal bei 25°C betragt 1,2, die von Methylformiat ca. 0,03. Esters, anhydrides, acetals, and easily cleavable ethers transfer the cationic polymerization…

Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane withN-Methyloxy- andN-Ethyloxycarbonyl-N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)amines

1999

Reaction of the title imines with diphenyldiazomethane gives a Δ3-1,3,4-triazoline, which leads, after loss of dinitrogen, to a transient azomethine ylide. Subsequent elimination of ethyl or methyl chloroformate gives the unexpected 1,1-diphenyl-4,4-dichloro-2-aza-1,3-butadiene.

Electrochemical Syntheses of Carboxylic Acids from Carbon Dioxide

1987

The first report on the reduction of carbon dioxide is due to the venerable name of Hermann Kolbe, who, in 1861, published with R. Schmitt the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate with metallic potassium (1). Seven years later he introduced to the Chemical Society in London his assistant E. Drechsel, who “after many unsuccessful experiments, made during several years” (2) at the end succeeded in reducing carbon dioxide to oxalate with metallic sodium or with potassium amalgam in anhydrous conditions. Soon afterwards Beketov (3) and Royer (4) opened the series of papers dealing with the direct involvement of carbon dioxide in electrolytic processes. Since then the reduction of carbon dioxi…

A Simple Complex on the Verge of Breakdown: Isolation of the Elusive Cyanoformate Ion

2014

Cyanide Hitches a Ride Cyanide is a by-product of the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants and it has been somewhat puzzling how the ion is safely removed before it can shut down enzymatic pathways by coordination to catalytic iron centers. A proposed mechanism has implicated the cyanoformate ion—essentially, a weak adduct of cyanide and carbon dioxide—as the initial product, although its lifetime was uncertain. Murphy et al. (p. 75 ; see the Perspective by Alabugin and Mohamed ) crystallized this previously elusive adduct and found that its solution-phase stability varies inversely with the dielectric properties of the medium. The results bolster a picture in which the adduct shuttles the cy…

Identification by GC-FID and GC-MS of amino acids, fatty and bile acids in binding media used in works of art.

2001

GC-FID was used as single methodology for the identification and differentiation of proteins, lipids and ox bile from binders used in artistic paintings. The samples were hydrolyzed by HCl. Subsequently, the simultaneous formation of volatile derivatives of the amino, fatty and bile acids with ethyl chloroformate was performed quickly and safely in an aqueous medium. The derivatives were separated by capillary GC and characterized by GC-MS. The ageing of drying oils was studied, identifying pelargonic acid among other degradation products. Proteinaceous and lipoid binding media were characterized by means of the quotients between the areas of the peaks for each amino or fatty acid with resp…

« Le pilotage par l’Etat de la formation des enseignants du début des années 1990 à nos jours et ses incidences sur le métier de formateur »

2014

L’objet de cet article est de questionner, dans une perspective historique, la manière dont l’État a organisé et a fait évoluer la formation des enseignants du début des années 1990 à nos jours. Il s’attache à mettre en lumière les ambitions qui ont présidé aux réformes et tente de montrer la manière dont le métier de formateur d’enseignants s’est constitué et a évolué. Le formateur avait acquis un certain nombre de savoir-faire, et plus généralement une certaine culture, qui pourraient conduire à affirmer qu’un processus de professionnalisation était en cours, et ce jusqu’au milieu des années 2000. Ce processus tendait à rassembler sous une même dénomination, celle de « formateur », des in…

Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroxycarbonylation of Aryl and Vinyl Bromides by Mixed Acetic Formic Anhydride

2006

The palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of aryl and vinyl bromides in the presence of acetic anhydride and lithium formate as a carbon monoxide source has been developed. The combination of palladium(II) acetate with 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) is an efficient catalytic system when the reaction is carried out at 120 °C.