Search results for "GREG"
showing 10 items of 1242 documents
Varusmieskoulutus näkymättömänä koulutusinvestointina sukupuolten tasa-arvon näkökulmasta
2021
Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan asevelvollisuutta ja varusmieskoulutusta koulutusinvestointina sukupuolten tasa-arvon näkökulmasta ja erityisesti Suomen kontekstissa. Tilastojen valossa varusmieskoulutus on näkymätön koulutusinvestointi. Varusmieskoulutusta ei huomioida inhimillistä pääomaa ja koulutusvuosia mittaavassa laajasti käytetyssä Barro ja Lee (2013) -tilastossa. Eivätkä sukupuolten tasa-arvoa mittaavat indeksit huomioi sukupuolittunutta asevelvollisuutta. Varusmieskoulutuksella voi kuitenkin olla moninaisia vaikutuksia sekä yksilöihin että yhteiskunnan tasolla (ml. kriisinhallintaan liittyvät tiedot ja taidot, maanpuolustustahto, koulutusvalinnat, työmarkkinatulemat, koulutuksen …
Structural Motifs of Alkali Metal Superbases in Non‐coordinating Solvents
2020
Abstract Lochmann–Schlosser superbases (LSB) are a standard reagent in synthetic chemistry to achieve an exchange of a proton on an organic framework with an alkali metal cation, which in turn can be replaced by a wide range of electrophilic groups. In standard examples, the deprotonating reagent consists of an equimolar mixture of n‐butyllithium and potassium t‐butoxide. However, the nature of the reactive species could not be pinned down either for this composition or for similar mixtures with comparable high reactivity. Despite the poor solubility and the fierce reactivity, some insights into this mixture were achieved by some indirect results, comparison with chemically related systems,…
Surfactant self-assembling in the gas phase: bis(2-ethylhexyl)- sulfosuccinate divalent metal ion anionic aggregates
2012
RATIONALE: Investigation of fundamental aspects driving surfactant self-assembling and of the capability of including guest molecules or ions in their micellar aggregates is an exciting research field for theoretical and technological reasons. In this light, assembling and chelating properties of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) towards divalent metal ion chlorides have been investigated in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, tandem mass spectrometry and energy-resolved mass spectrometry. METHODS:Water/methanol solutions of AOTNa and chloride salts of nickel, magnesium, calcium and manganese, with different AOTNa/metal salt ratios, …
Gas Phase Charged Aggregates of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfo-succinate (AOT) and Divalent Metal Ions. First evidence of AOT solvated aggregates
2011
Assembling and chelating properties of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) towards divalent metal ions have been investigated in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A variety of positively charged monometallated and mixed metal aggregates are formed. Interestingly, several ions contain solvent (MeOH, H2O) molecules and constitute the most abundant AOT cationic aggregates not containing sodium. These species are the first example of solvated AOT-metal ion aggregates in the gas phase. By increasing the surfactant aggregation number, the abundance of solvated species becomes lower than that of unsolvated ones. Decompositions of ionic species have been studied…
Do electrospray mass spectra of surfactants mirror their aggregation state in solution?
2011
One important feature in the gas phase chemistry of surfactants is to ascertain whether their aggregates produced by electrospray ionization reflect those formed in the starting solution. With this aim, we have performed ESI-MS, ESI-MS/MS and ER-MS spectra of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) solutions in different solvents, i.e. water, water/methanol, methanol and n-hexane. The results clearly indicate that, notwithstanding the strongly different aggregation state in solution (direct micelles in water and in water/methanol, molecular dispersion in methanol and reverse micelles in n-hexane) and marked effects of the solvent polarity on the total ionic current, the surfactant aggregate…
Review: Mass spectrometry of surfactant aggregates
2011
In contrast with the enormous amount of literature produced during many decades in the field of surfactant aggregation in liquid, liquid crystalline and solid phases, only a few investigations concerning surfactant self-assembling in the gas phase as charged aggregates have been carried out until now. This lack of interest is disappointing in view of the remarkable theoretical and practical importance of the inherent knowledge. The absence of surfactant–solvent interactions makes it easier to study the role of surfactant–surfactant forces in determining their peculiar self-assembling features as well as the ability of these assemblies to incorporate selected solubilizate molecules. Thus, th…
The aggregation of sustainability performance measuring at company level : a case study
2015
Industrial companies face constant scrutiny about their sustainability performance development and comprehensive sustainability performance measuring is demanded from them. Companies are measuring their sustainability performance with various and multitude indicators, but it is difficult to look into the overall sustainability performance of companies based on plentiful and variable sustainability measures. There is no universally accepted method to measure the overall sustainability performance of a company, though tools for this purpose are developed. This qualitative case study research aims to shed light on whether the sustainability indicators of a case company could be aggregated in a…
Sakārtotie svārstīgie nestriktie Hamahera agregācijas operatori daudzkritēriju lēmumu pieņemšanā
2017
Bakalaura darba ir veltīts sakārtotie svārstīie nestriktie Hamahera agregācijas operatoru un to pielietojums daudzkritēriju lēmumu pieņemšanā. Darbā aprakstīti tādi jēdzieni, kā t-norma, t-konorma, involūcija, svārstīga nestrikta kopa, svārstīgu nestriktu elementu sakārtojums, kuri nepieciešami, lai definētu sakārtotu svārstīgo nestrikto agregācijas operatoru. Balstoties uz šiem operātoriem aprakstīts daudzkritēriju lēmumu pieņemšanas modelis, kas ilustrēts ar praktiskiem piemēriem.
Synthesis and selected properties of metallo and metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octacarboxyphthalocyanines
2015
This review article reports methods of synthe sis and selected physicochemical properties of metallo and metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24–octacarboxyphthalocyanines. The most frequently used methods of synthesis for this class of co mpounds are described in this article. Moreover, aggregation, catalytic and photocatalytic properties of these complexes are presented. Potential applications of metallo and metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24–octacarboxyphthalocyanines are also given.
Voice traffic bicasting enhancements in mobile HSPA network
2014
This paper discusses methods for improving the effectiveness of delivering voice traffic over High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) network by employing transmission diversity with Single-Frequency Dual-Cell (SF-DC) Aggregation that is part of the Multiflow specification. SF-DC Aggregation allows the user to be served at the same time by two different cells. The enhancements discussed in the paper capitalize strongly on the availability of the composed Channel Quality Indication (CQI) feedback at both serving cells. According to the results obtained from the network simulations, the ability to select the better channel for each voice transmission significantly decreases the required tra…