Search results for "Grammar"
showing 10 items of 662 documents
The effects of book exposure and reading interest on oral language skills of children with and without a familial risk of dyslexia
2020
The potential role of home literacy environment (HLE) in children's language development has been widely studied. However, data on the HLE of children with familial risk (FR) of dyslexia are limited. In this longitudinal study, we examined (a) whether amount of book exposure and reading interest at age 4 were different in samples of Norwegian FR and no FR‐children, respectively, (b) whether these home literacy‐related factors exerted different effects depending on family‐risk status on vocabulary and grammar skills at school entry age (6 years) and (c) whether they contributed independently to language outcomes at age 6, after controlling for the 4;6‐year language skills. Results showed no …
School-entry language outcomes in late talkers with and without a family risk of dyslexia.
2020
Children with familial risk (FR) of dyslexia and children with early language delay are known to be at risk for later language and literacy difficulties. However, research addressing long‐term outcomes in children with both risk factors is scarce. This study tracked FR and No‐FR children identified as late talkers at 2 years of age and reports development from 4;6 through 6 years. We examined the possible effects of FR‐status and late talking (LT) status, respectively, on language skills at school entry, and whether FR‐status moderated the associations between 4;6‐year and 6‐year language scores. Results indicated an effect of LT status on language at both ages, while FR status affected lan…
Word Processing in Scene Context : An Event-Related Potential Study in Young Children
2017
Semantic priming has been demonstrated in object or word contexts in toddlers. However, less is known about semantic priming in scene context. In this study, 24-month-olds with high and low vocabulary skills were presented with visual scenes (e.g., kitchen) followed by semantically consistent (e.g., spoon) or inconsistent (e.g., bed) spoken words. Inconsistent scene-word pairs evoked a larger N400 component over the frontal areas. Low-producers presented a larger N400 over the right while high-producers over the left frontal areas. Our results suggest that contextual information facilitates word processing in young children. Additionally, children with different linguistic skills activate d…
Effects of Constant and Doublet Frequency Electrical Stimulation Patterns on Force Production of Knee Extensor Muscles
2016
International audience; This study compared knee extensors' neuromuscular fatigue in response to two 30-minute stimulation patterns: constant frequency train (CFT) and doublet frequency train (DFT). Fifteen men underwent two separate sessions corresponding to each pattern. Measurements included torque evoked by each contraction and maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) measured before and immediately after the stimulation sessions. In addition, activation level and torque evoked during doublets (Pd) and tetanic contractions at 80-Hz (P80) and 20-Hz (P20) were determined in six subjects. Results indicated greater mean torque during the DFT stimulation session as compared with CFT. But, no dif…
Increased contraction to noradrenaline by vasopressin in human renal arteries
2002
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) not only acts directly on blood vessels through vasopressin V1 receptor stimulation but also may modulate adrenergic-mediated responses in animal experiments. The aim of the present study was to assess whether subpressor concentrations of AVP could contribute to an abnormal adrenergic contractile response of human renal arteries.Renal artery rings were obtained from 27 patients undergoing nephrectomy. The rings were suspended in organ bath chambers for isometric recording of tension.AVP (10(-10) mol/l) and the vasopressin V1 receptor agonist [Phe2, Orn8]-vasotocin (10(-10) mol/l) produced a leftward shift of the concentration-response curve to noradrenaline (half-…
Differences in the nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase signalling pathway in the myocardium of neonatal and adult rats
2000
Abstract The effects of a nitric oxide-donor, S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine, and a direct activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), on force of contraction ( F c ) and L-type Ca 2+ currents ( I Ca(L) ) were investigated in myocardial preparations from neonatal and adult rats. Since hearts from adult and neonatal animals contained 160 and 47 mg/100 g wet weight myoglobin, respectively, its possible interaction with both drugs was also investigated. Both S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine (100 μM) and YC-1 (30 μM) were ineffective in myocardial preparations from adult rats but reduced the magnitude of I Ca(L) and F c in preparations fr…
Antagonism of calcium by zinc in guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci and trachealis muscle
1989
1 In guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci and trachealis bathed in a K+-rich, Ca2+-free medium, CaCl2 (0.01-10 mM) produced a concentration-dependent contraction. Zn2+ (0.01-1 mM), Cd2+ (0.01-1 mM), verapamil (0.01-100 microM) and trifluoperazine (1-100 microM) were effective antagonists of CaCl2-induced responses. 2 Zn2+ and Cd2+ in concentrations from 0.01 to 1 mM were without effect on the tone of taenia and trachea in normal Tris solution. Conversely, Zn2+ and Cd2+, in concentrations of 1 mM, caused contraction of these tissues in a K+-rich, Ca2+-free medium. Zn2+ (1 mM)-induced contractions of taenia and trachea were completely inhibited by verapamil (10 microM). 3 In taenia and trachea sk…
The effect of S-(+)-boldine on the α1-adrenoceptor of the guinea-pig aorta
1996
1. The cardiovascular activity of S-(+)-boldine, an aporphine alkaloid structurally related to papaverine, was determined. The work includes functional studies on guinea-pig isolated aorta contracted with noradrenaline, caffeine, KCl or Ca2+, and on guinea-pig trachea contracted with acetylcholine or histamine. 2. S-(+)-boldine inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the contractile response evoked by noradrenaline (10 microM) in guinea-pig aorta (IC50 = 1.4 +/- 0.2 microM) while the KCl depolarizing solution (60 mM)- or the Ca2+ (1 mM)-induced contractions were only partially affected by boldine up to 300 microM. In contrast, papaverine relaxed noradrenaline (NA), KCl or Ca2+ induced…
Differentiation of calcium antagonists with respect to their effects in normal and skinned taenia caeci preparations
1987
Abstract In taenia preparations, depolarized by a K+-rich medium, Ca2+ caused contraction and cinnarizine (0.4–100 μM), trifluoperazine (2–100 μM) and verapamil (0.02–10 μM) caused concentration-dependent antagonism of Ca2+, displacing the Ca2+ log concentration-effect curve to the right and depressing the maximal response. Equieffective (IC75) antispasmogenic concentrations were selected. The antispasmogenic effects of verapamil were readily offset by removing the drug from the bathing fluid but those of the other drugs were not. The calcium antagonists (antispasmogenic IC75) were then tested for spasmolytic activity in tissues generating tension in response to the EC80 of Ca2+. Verapamil …
Effect of verapamil and diltiazem on isolated gastro-oesophageal sphincter of the rat
1985
Abstract The effect of verapamil and diltiazem on the contraction induced by agonists on the rat lower oesophageal sphincter in-vitro has been studied. Both calcium entry blockers inhibited the contractile response to acetylcholine, carbachol and KCl. The potency of the inhibitory action was diltiazem > verapamil. The results give substance to the use of calcium entry blockers in the treatment of oesophageal spasm.