Search results for "Heros"
showing 10 items of 603 documents
Impact of Cholesterol Metabolism in Immune Cell Function and Atherosclerosis
2020
Cholesterol, the most important sterol in mammals, helps maintain plasma membrane fluidity and is a precursor of bile acids, oxysterols, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol in the body is obtained from the diet or can be de novo synthetized. Cholesterol homeostasis is mainly regulated by the liver, where cholesterol is packed in lipoproteins for transport through a tightly regulated process. Changes in circulating lipoprotein cholesterol levels lead to atherosclerosis development, which is initiated by an accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the subendothelial space; this induces significant changes in immune cell differentiation and function. Beyond lesions, cholesterol levels also play …
PPAR Agonists, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk.
2016
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are implicated in the pathology of several metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. PPAR agonists exert multiple lipid modifying actions which are beneficial to the prevention of atherosclerosis. Such benefits in lipid lowering actions include improvements in atherogenic dyslipidemia that seems to be particularly expressed in individuals at higher cardiovascular (CV) risk. In addition, the favorable effects of PPAR agonists on different cardio-metabolic parameters are established in several metabolic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and heightened systemic inflammation. The goal of this …
Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Derived Bioactive Lipids on Metabolic Disorders
2021
Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) are three well-known ω-3 PUFAs. These fatty acids can be metabolized into a number of bioactive lipids. Eicosanoids derived from ARA have drawn great attention because of their important and complex biofunctions. Although EPA, DHA and n-3 DPA have also shown powerful biofunctions, we have fewer studies of metabolites derived from them than those from ARA. Recently, growing research has focused on the bioaction of ω-3 PUFA-derived metabolites, which indicates their great potential for treating metabolic disorders. Mo…
Suicidal Erythrocyte Death in Metabolic Syndrome.
2021
Eryptosis is a coordinated, programmed cell death culminating with the disposal of cells without disruption of the cell membrane and the release of endocellular oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu. While providing a convenient form of death for erythrocytes, dysregulated eryptosis may result in a series of detrimental and harmful pathological consequences highly related to the endothelial dysfunction (ED). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic factors (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity) that increases the risk of cardiovascular complications such as those related to diabetes and atherosclerosis. In the light of the crucial role exerted …
Diabetic macroangiopathy: Pathogenetic insights and novel therapeutic approaches with focus on high glucose-mediated vascular damage
2018
Diabetic macroangiopathy - a specific form of accelerated atherosclerosis - is characterized by intra-plaque new vessel formation due to excessive/abnormal neovasculogenesis and angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability of the capillary vessels, and tissue edema, resulting in frequent atherosclerotic plaque hemorrhage and plaque rupture. Mechanisms that may explain the premature and rapidly progressive nature of atherosclerosis in diabetes are multiple, and to a large extent still unclear. However, mechanisms related to hyperglycemia certainly play an important role. These include a dysregulated vascular regeneration. In addition, oxidative and hyperosmolar stresses, as well as the acti…
Optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndromes: A Position Paper endorsed by the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)
2021
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and consequent acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are substantial contributors to morbidity and mortality across Europe. Much of these diseases burden is modifiable, in particular by lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Current guidelines are based on the sound premise that with respect to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), “lower is better for longer”, and the recent data have strongly emphasized the need of also “the earlier the better”. In addition to statins, which have been available for several decades, the availability of ezetimibe and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) are additional very effective approa…
Polyvascular disease: A narrative review of current evidence and a consideration of the role of antithrombotic therapy.
2020
Abstract Background and aims Polyvascular disease (PVD) affects approximately 20% of patients with atherosclerosis and is a strong independent risk factor for ischemic outcomes. However, guidelines do not address screening or treatment for PVD, and there have been no PVD-specific trials. We reviewed subgroup analyses of large randomized controlled trials of more intense antithrombotic therapy to determine whether increased intensity of therapy improved ischemic outcomes in patients with PVD. Methods MEDLINE, MEDLINE in-Process, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were queried for randomized controlled trials larger than 5000 patients evaluating secondary prevention therapies in patients with c…
Human neutrophil elastase induces endothelial cell apoptosis by activating the PERK‐CHOP branch of the unfolded protein response
2017
Human neutrophil elastase impacts on atherosclerotic plaque stability by inducing apoptosis in endothelial cells. Our aim was to investigate the proapoptotic mechanism of elastase on endothelial cells and to evaluate the presence of elastase in human plaque material. Human endothelial cells were treated with purified human neutrophil elastase. Apoptosis was assayed by capsase-3/7 activation, TUNEL, and sub-G1 assay. Activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) effector molecules binding Ig protein, soluble X-binding protein-1, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Genetic silencing of CHO…
Combined B, T and NK Cell Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in BALB/c Mice.
2016
This study focused on the unique properties of both the Ldlr knockout defect (closely mimicking the human situation) and the BALB/c (C) inbred mouse strain (Th-2 slanted immune response). We generated two immunodeficient strains with severe combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency with or without a complete lack of natural killer cells to revisit the role of adaptive immune responses on atherogenesis. C-Ldlr-/- Rag1-/- mice, which show severe combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency and C-Ldlr-/- Rag1-/- Il2rg-/- mice, which combine the T- and B-cell defect with a complete lack of natural killer cells and inactivation of multiple cytokine signalling pathways were fed an atherogenic Western ty…
Thrombo-Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease
2020
AbstractThrombo-inflammation describes the complex interplay between blood coagulation and inflammation that plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis assembled basic, translational, and clinical scientists to discuss the origin and potential consequences of thrombo-inflammation in the etiology, diagnostics, and management of patients with cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. This article presents a state-of-the-art reflection of expert opinions and consensus recommendations regarding the following topics: (1) challenges of the endothelial cell barrier; (2) circulating …