Search results for "Homeostasis"

Hsp60 in Modifications of Nervous System Homeostasis and Neurodegeneration

2019

Hsp60 is a critical chaperonin for its role in preserving cell survival and protecting mitochondria against stress conditions. Indeed, mutations or malfunctions of Hsp60 are involved in several human diseases, either genetic or acquired, some of them affecting also the brain. In this chapter, we present several experimental observations supporting the role of Hsp60 in some neurodegenerative diseases. Further, Hsp60, as multifunctional protein, contributes to the protein folding system, to protect mitochondria and is involved in several other cellular pathways that are known to be affected in these diseases. Furthermore, due to its role outside of the mitochondria and in the extracellular fl…

The Role of Autophagy in Eye Diseases

2021

Autophagy is a catabolic process that ensures homeostasis in the cells of our organism. It plays a crucial role in protecting eye cells against oxidative damage and external stress factors. Ocular pathologies of high incidence, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are of multifactorial origin and are associated with genetic, environmental factors, age, and oxidative stress, among others; the latter factor is one of the most influential in ocular diseases, directly affecting the processes of autophagy activity. Alteration of the normal functioning of autophagy processes can interrupt organelle turnover, leading to the accumulation of cellula…

Novel Insights into the Cellular Localization and Regulation of the Autophagosomal Proteins LC3A, LC3B and LC3C

2020

Macroautophagy is a conserved degradative process for maintaining cellular homeostasis and plays a key role in aging and various human disorders. The microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B or LC3B) is commonly analyzed as a key marker for autophagosomes and as a proxy for autophagic flux. Three paralogues of the LC3 gene exist in humans: LC3A, LC3B and LC3C. The molecular function, regulation and cellular localization of LC3A and LC3C have not been investigated frequently, even if a similar function to that described for LC3B appears likely. Here, we have selectively decapacitated LC3B by three separate strategies in primary human fibroblasts and analyzed the evoked e…

Nuclear calcium signaling: An emerging topic in plants

2011

International audience; The calcium ion is probably one of the most studied second messenger both in plant and animal fields. A large number of reviews have browsed the diversity of cytosolic calcium signatures and evaluated their pleiotropic roles in plant and animal cells. In the recent years, an increasing number of reviews has focused on nuclear calcium, especially on the possible roles of nuclear calcium concentration variations on nuclear activities. Experiments initially performed on animal cells gave conflicting results that brought about a controversy about the ability of the nucleus to generate its own calcium signals and to regulate its calcium level. But in plant cells, several …

ChemInform Abstract: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - Current Status and Future Prospects

2010

Prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid by the action of cyclooxygenase and subsequent downstream synthetases. Two closely related forms of the cyclooxygenase have been identified which are now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Both isoenzymes transform arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, but differ in their distribution and their physiological roles. Meanwhile, the responsible genes and their regulation have been clarified. COX-1, the pre-dominantly constitutive form of the enzyme, is expressed throughout the body and performs a number of homeostatic functions such as maintaining normal gastric mucosa and influencing renal blood flow and platelet aggregation. In contrast, the inducible for…

Neuron-Glial Interaction During Injury and Edema of the CNS

1994

During injury and ischemia of the CNS mediator compounds are released or activated which cause secondary swelling and damage of nerve cells. Such mediators are glutamate, acidosis, free fatty acids, or high extracellular potassium. Glial homeostatic mechanisms are activated to prevent the secondary injury from these mediators. The glial clearance mechanisms have been studied in detail using in vitro systems allowing for a close control of the glial environment. Current evidence suggests glial swelling to occur together with glutamate uptake or in response to extracellular acidosis. Glial swelling, therefore, is rather the result of homeostatic mechanisms than an indication of glial demise.

The Influence of Oxygen Affinity of Blood and Cerebral Blood Flow on Cerebral Oxygen Supply

1969

The quantity of oxygen transported, per unit of time, by the blood to the brain, is determined by the blood flow, the oxygen capacity, and the oxygen affinity of the blood. The O2-exchange between the blood and the tissue cells depends mainly on the oxygen transport characteristics of the blood and the O2 diffusion conditions in the blood and tissue.

Cathepsin L in Normal and Pathological Bone Remodeling

2011

Abstract Cathepsin L is a ubiquitous lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase that is mainly involved in the metabolic turnover of intracellular proteins. However, it is now well established that this enzyme may also be implicated in the regulation of other important biological processes includ- ing bone resorption. Therefore, altered expression levels of Cathepsin L may result in disturbances of bone homeo- stasis and, eventually, in the onset of pathological condi- tions associated with altered bone turnover. These observations support the concept that Cathepsin L may be regarded as an additional target for the development of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of patients with bone disea…

Physiologische Erythrozyten-Protektionslösung (PEP)

2001

Zinc and inflammatory/immune response in aging

2007

Life-long antigenic burden determines a condition of chronic inflammation, with increased lymphocyte activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. A large number of studies have documented changes in zinc metabolism in experimental animal models of acute and chronic inflammation and in human chronic inflammatory conditions. In particular, modification of zinc plasma concentration, as well as intracellular disturbance of antioxidant intracellular pathways, has been found in aging and in some age-related diseases. Zinc deficiency is diffused in aged individuals in order to avoid meat and other high zinc content foods due to fear of cholesterol. Rather, they increase the consumption of r…