Search results for "IRAP"

showing 10 items of 42 documents

Connection between optimal control theory and adiabatic-passage techniques in quantum systems

2012

This work explores the relationship between optimal control theory and adiabatic passage techniques in quantum systems. The study is based on a geometric analysis of the Hamiltonian dynamics constructed from the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. In a three-level quantum system, we show that the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage technique can be associated to a peculiar Hamiltonian singularity. One deduces that the adiabatic pulse is solution of the optimal control problem only for a specific cost functional. This analysis is extended to the case of a four-level quantum system.

DYNAMICSN-LEVEL SYSTEMSStimulated Raman adiabatic passageFOS: Physical sciences01 natural sciencesPULSE SEQUENCES010305 fluids & plasmasOpen quantum systemDESIGNQuantum mechanicsPhysics - Chemical Physics0103 physical sciences010306 general physicsAdiabatic processPhysicsChemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)Quantum PhysicsALGORITHMSAdiabatic quantum computationAtomic and Molecular Physics and OpticsNMRClassical mechanicsGeometric phaseAdiabatic invariantPOPULATION TRANSFERQuantum algorithmSTIRAPQuantum Physics (quant-ph)Hamiltonian (control theory)
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Twenty Years of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Time to Reevaluate their Toxicity

2011

Twenty years of effective clinical application have consolidated non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) as essential components of the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) employed in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, as the disease has come under control, there has been growing emphasis on the long-term adverse effects induced by this chronic pharmacological therapy. Although traditionally considered to be safe and well-tolerated drugs, there is mounting evidence that associates NNRTI with the onset of cutaneous reactions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, hepatotoxicity, metabolic disturbances and gastrointestinal toxicity. Though the clinical…

EfavirenzNevirapineEtravirineHIV InfectionsDiseaseBiologyBioinformaticsBiochemistrychemistry.chemical_compoundDrug DiscoverymedicineAnimalsHumansDelavirdineAdverse effectPharmacologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorOrganic Chemistryvirus diseasesHIV Protease InhibitorsHIV Reverse TranscriptaseClinical trialchemistryImmunologyHIV-1Reverse Transcriptase InhibitorsMolecular Medicinemedicine.drugCurrent Medicinal Chemistry
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Future Perspectives in NNRTI-Based Therapy: Bases for Understanding Their Toxicity

2011

Continuous administration of the drugs included under the term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has turned AIDS into a chronic disease, at least in developed countries (Panos et al., 2008). The initial development of these drugs was particularly rapid and focused on clinical efficacy before all other considerations. However, as the disease has come under control, there has been growing emphasis on the long-term adverse effects associated with this therapy. The first drug for the treatment of HIV infection, zidovudine (AZT), was approved in 1987. The number of other antiretroviral drugs already approved for use or under development continues to grow, and the primary aim of resear…

EfavirenzNevirapinebusiness.industryvirus diseasesIntegrase inhibitorCCR5 receptor antagonistPharmacologyReverse transcriptaseNucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitorchemistry.chemical_compoundZidovudinechemistrymedicinebusinessViral loadmedicine.drug
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Genetic Diversity of Mute Swan Population of the Riga Urban Area

2015

Abstract Mute swan Cygnus olor is the most abundant breeding swan species in Rīga and Latvia. Since manmade habitats are the preferred breeding habitats of this species - Cygnus olor is of particular interest in studies of urban biodiversity. The latest records show that 30-40 pairs breed annually in Rīga, 400-700 individuals migrate through the area, and 120-150 individuals stay over winter. The goal of our study was to determine the genetic variation of the mute swan population in Rīga. Blood samples were collected from 47 individual birds found in different sites in Rīga or elsewhere in Latvia. The universal retrotransposon based iPBS markers were used to estimate diversity. Three primer…

Genetic diversityeducation.field_of_studyirapretrotransposon-based molecular markerMultidisciplinarygeography.geographical_feature_categoryGeneral interestEcologyScienceQPopulationcygnus olorUrban areaGeographygenetic variationRegional scienceeducationProceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.
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Täpläravun (Pacifastacus leniusculus) ja jokiravun (Astacus astacus) syvyyssuuntainen esiintyminen Lammin Ormajärvellä ja Laukaan Pyhtääjärvellä vuos…

2006

LammiLaukaaPacifastacus leniusculusjokirapupohjaeliöstö2003-2004habitaattiraputäplärapuAstacus astacus
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In vitro assessment of competitive and time-dependent inhibition of the nevirapine metabolism by nortriptyline in rats

2018

Abstract Nevirapine (NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) widely used as a component of High Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) since it is inexpensive, readily absorbed after oral administration and non-teratogenic. In the present work, the mechanism of a previously described pharmacokinetic interaction between NVP and the antidepressant drug nortriptyline (NT) was studied using rat hepatic microsomes. The obtained results showed a competitive inhibition of the NVP metabolism by NT. The three main NVP metabolites (2-OH-NVP, 3-OH-NVP and 12-OH-NVP) where competitively inhibited with similar inhibitory constant values (Ki …

Male0301 basic medicineTime FactorsMetabolite030106 microbiologyNortriptylineAntidepressive Agents TricyclicPharmacologyBinding Competitive030226 pharmacology & pharmacyBiochemistry03 medical and health scienceschemistry.chemical_compound0302 clinical medicineNon-competitive inhibitionimmune system diseasesOral administrationIn vivomedicineAnimalsNevirapineRats WistarPharmacologyReverse-transcriptase inhibitorChemistryvirus diseasesRatsMicrosomes LiverMicrosomeReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsNortriptylineDrug metabolismmedicine.drugBiochemical Pharmacology
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Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe

2016

Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in Europe is stable at around 8%. The impact of baseline mutation patterns on susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs should be addressed using clinical guidelines. The impact on baseline susceptibility is largest for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

MaleHuman immunodeficiency virus 1EtravirineRNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitordarunavirHIV InfectionsSettore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata:Disciplines and Occupations::Health Occupations::Medicine::Public Health [Medical Subject Headings]:Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings]Salud públicageneticsInhibidores de proteasas:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::Prevalence [Medical Subject Headings]atazanavirmedia_commontransmission:Geographicals::Geographic Locations::Europe [Medical Subject Headings]3. Good healthmicrobial sensitivity testpriority journalEurope ; HIV-1 ; antiretroviral therapy ; drug resistance ; transmissionHIV/AIDSlamivudineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacologyanti human immunodeficiency virus agentDrugMicrobiology (medical)medicine.medical_specialtyantiviral susceptibility:Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Variation::Mutation [Medical Subject Headings]media_common.quotation_subjectantiretroviral therapy030106 microbiologyHIV Infections/drug therapy:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Antiviral Agents::Anti-Retroviral Agents::Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]Microbial Sensitivity TestsRILPIVIRINEArticleEFAVIRENZ03 medical and health sciencestransmitted drug resistanceSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingHumansTransmissionhuman:Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Pharmacological Phenomena::Drug Resistance [Medical Subject Headings]REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORSRilpivirinaINTEGRASEMUTATIONSabacavirmajor clinical studyVirologyInfecciones por VIHRegimenAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Medicine (all); Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseaseschemistryDrug resistance:Chemicals and Drugs::Heterocyclic Compounds::Heterocyclic Compounds 1-Ring::Oxazines::Benzoxazines [Medical Subject Headings]MutationHIV-10301 basic medicinenevirapineDrug resistanceCommunicable diseases:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Confidence Intervals [Medical Subject Headings]chemistry.chemical_compoundantiviral therapyINFECTIONMedicine and Health SciencesPrevalence:Analytical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Surveys and Questionnaires [Medical Subject Headings]ViralNon-U.S. Gov'tReverse-transcriptase inhibitorantiretrovirus agentResearch Support Non-U.S. Gov'tMedicine (all)Human immunodeficiency virus infected patientMiddle AgedvirologyPREVALENCEAntiretroviral therapyEncuestas y CuestionariosANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENTEuropeInfectious DiseasesHIV-1/drug effectsHIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacologyRilpivirineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:Diseases::Immune System Diseases::Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes::HIV Infections [Medical Subject Headings]FemaleHIV drug resistancemedicine.drugAdultHuman immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitor:Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Nitriles::Rilpivirine [Medical Subject Headings]EfavirenzAnti-HIV AgentsResearch SupportResistencia a medicamentosSettore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVEantiviral resistanceInternal medicineAnti-HIV Agents/pharmacologyDrug Resistance ViralJournal Articlemedicine:Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::Enzyme Inhibitors::Protease Inhibitors [Medical Subject Headings]abacavir plus lamivudineEuropa (Continente)Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance Viral; Europe; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prevalence; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Microbiology (medical); Infectious DiseasesemtricitabinenonhumanIntervalos de confianzadrug resistanceMutaciónAntiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; Europe; HIV-1; Transmissionbusiness.industryHIVpredictionInhibidores de la transcriptasa inversaHIV Protease InhibitorsHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 infectiontenofovirINDIVIDUALSDrug Resistance Viral/geneticsBenzoxazinasETRAVIRINEdrug effects3121 General medicine internal medicine and other clinical medicinePrevalenciabusiness
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Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Nevirapine and Nortriptyline in Rats: Inhibition of Nevirapine Metabolism by Nortriptyline

2014

ABSTRACTOne of the most frequent comorbidities of HIV infection is depression, with a lifetime prevalence of 22 to 45%. Therefore, it was decided to study a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine (NVP) and the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline (NT). NVP and NT were administered to rats either orally, intraduodenally, or intravenously, and the changes in plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed. Experiments with rat and human hepatic microsomes were carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effects of NT on NVP metabolism. NVP plasma concentrations were significantly higher when this drug was coadminister…

MaleNevirapineAnti-HIV AgentsAdministration OralNortriptylineAntidepressive Agents TricyclicPharmacologyPharmacokineticsimmune system diseasesIn vivomedicineAnimalsHumansPharmacology (medical)NevirapineRats WistarBiotransformationPharmacologyDose-Response Relationship DrugReverse-transcriptase inhibitorbusiness.industryvirus diseasesRatsDose–response relationshipInfectious DiseasesArea Under CurveInjections IntravenousMicrosomes LiverMicrosomeReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsNortriptylinebusinessDrug AntagonismDrug metabolismmedicine.drugAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
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Population dynamics of Antarctophthirus microchir (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) in pups from South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, in Northern …

2009

We analysed population dynamics of the louse Antarctophthirus microchir in pups of the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, at the Punta León rookery (Argentina) over a period of 2 years. A total of 136 pups were aged and marked at the beginning of the lactation period ashore, then sampled for lice at different times within 30 days. Sampling was restricted to the chest and belly, two sites where lice were especially abundant. This concentration on ventral areas might protect lice from thermal stress in the austral summer. Infestation patterns in pups ≤3 days old suggested that the potential for transmission increased from first nymphs to adults. Population trends of each instar with …

Malemedia_common.quotation_subjectPopulationPopulation DynamicsArgentinaLIFE CYCLEBiologyLousemedicine.disease_causeCiencias BiológicasANOPLURAbiology.animalInfestationPhthirapteramedicinePrevalenceAnimalsNympheducationmedia_commonRookeryeducation.field_of_studyLife Cycle StagesEcologySOUTH AMERICAN SEA LIONReproductionOtaria flavescensEcologíaLice Infestationsbiology.organism_classificationSea LionsECHINOPHTHIRIIDAEInfectious DiseasesAnimals NewbornTRADE-OFFInstarAnimal Science and ZoologyParasitologyFemaleReproductionCIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTASParasitology
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Bioavailability of nevirapine in rats after oral and subcutaneous administration, in vivo absorption from gastrointestinal segments and effect of bil…

2011

Abstract Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. The usual dosing regimen is 200 mg twice/day. Reducing the dosing frequency would significantly improve treatment adherence and quality of life of patients. To study new forms of administration, it is necessary to do pre-clinical studies and know the absorption characteristics of nevirapine in laboratory animals. However, there are no studies about its bioavailability in rats and hardly any about its pharmacokinetic. The objectives of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in rats after intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration, to assess its absorp…

Malemedicine.medical_specialtyNevirapineDuodenumInjections SubcutaneousPharmaceutical ScienceAdministration OralBiological AvailabilityIleumAbsorption (skin)PharmacologyGastroenterologyIntestinal absorptionPharmacokineticsSpecies SpecificityOral administrationInternal medicinemedicineAnimalsBileHumansNevirapineRats Wistarbusiness.industrydigestive oral and skin physiologyBioavailabilityRatsGastrointestinal Tractmedicine.anatomical_structureIntestinal AbsorptionInjections IntravenousDuodenumReverse Transcriptase Inhibitorsbusinessmedicine.drugInternational journal of pharmaceutics
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