Search results for "Income"

showing 10 items of 538 documents

Threshold cointegration and nonlinear adjustment between CO2 and income: The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Spain, 1857–2007

2012

abstract Article history:Received 9 March 2011Received in revised form 24 February 2012Accepted 2 March 2012Available online 14 March 2012JEL classification:C2Q4Keywords:Environmental Kuznets CurveCO 2 emissionsNonlinear relationshipThreshold cointegration Inthispaper wemodelthe long-run relationship between per capita CO 2 and per capita income for the Spanisheconomy over the period 1857–2007. According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (ECK) the relationshipbetween the two variables has an inverted-U shape. However, previous studies for the Spanish economy onlyconsidered the existence of linear relationships. Such an approach may lack flexibility to detect the trueshape of the relationship…

MacroeconomicsEconomics and EconometricsGeneral EnergyCointegrationKuznets curveEconometricsEconomicsPer capitaPer capita incomeEnergy Economics
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Fiscal adjustments and income inequality: a first assessment

2012

Using a statistical approach to identify fiscal adjustments, we find that fiscal consolidation appears to shorten the income gap. Fiscal austerity plans that succeed in bringing public debt to a sustainable path seem to be more likely to reduce inequality. Expansionary fiscal adjustments are particularly important to promote changes in the income distribution.

MacroeconomicsEconomics and EconometricsInequalitymedia_common.quotation_subjectSocial SciencesOpennessKuznets curveEconomic inequalityIncome distributionDebt0502 economics and businessEconomics050207 economicsKuznets curve10. No inequalityInequality fiscal consolidation Kuznets curve opennessmedia_common050208 finance05 social sciences1. No povertySettore SECS-P/02 Politica EconomicaFiscal unionAusterityIncome inequality metricsInequalityFiscal consolidation8. Economic growth
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Income inequality, fiscal stimuli and political (in)stability

2016

Using data for a large panel of countries, this paper investigates the role played by income inequality and fiscal stimuli episodes in shaping the likelihood of political stability. By means of Tobit estimations, we show that a rise in inequality increases the probability of government crises. However, such adverse distributional effect is reduced when expansionary or increasingly expansionary fiscal stimuli episodes or successful fiscal stimuli programs are put in place.

MacroeconomicsEconomics and EconometricsInequalitymedia_common.quotation_subjecthealth care facilities manpower and servicesPolitical environmentStability (learning theory)Social SciencesInstitutional qualityPoliticsExpansionary policieEconomic inequalityIncome distributionAccounting0502 economics and business050602 political science & public administrationEconomicsTobit model050207 economicshealth care economics and organizationsmedia_commonTobit regressionGovernment05 social sciencesCiências Sociais::Economia e GestãoSettore SECS-P/02 Politica Economicasocial sciences0506 political scienceFiscal stimuliExpansionary policies PoliticalExpansionary policiesIncome distribution:Economia e Gestão [Ciências Sociais]FinancePublic finance
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Financial Reforms and Income Inequality

2012

Available online 8 June 2012

MacroeconomicsEconomics and EconometricsReserve requirementComprehensive incomeInequalitymedia_common.quotation_subjectSocial Sciencesjel:E44Kuznets curveEconomic inequalityIncome distribution0502 economics and businessEconomicsSocial inequality050207 economicsKuznets curveIncome inequalityFinancial reform10. No inequalitymedia_commonFinanceFinancial reforms050208 financebusiness.industry05 social sciences1. No povertySettore SECS-P/02 Politica Economicajel:D31Financial reforms income inequality.Income inequality metrics8. Economic growthbusinessFinance
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Reforming a complicated income tax system: The political economy perspective

2006

Abstract In this paper we analyze the political economy of revenue-neutral income tax reforms when a government aims at cutting back deduction possibilities in exchange for lower tax rates (“tax-cut-cum-base-broadening”). We show that the individual decision whether to support or reject a reform proposal depends on how strongly the voter is affected by all available exemptions, even if the cut of only one single exemption is at stake. The voting outcome in the society depends on the joint distribution of the deductible characteristics. Due to implicit logrolling there are cases where only symmetrical tax reforms are possible, whereas for other properties of the joint distribution only asymm…

MacroeconomicsEconomics and EconometricsValue-added taxAd valorem taxDirect taxPolitical economyIncome taxPolitical Science and International RelationsState income taxEconomicsTax reformTax avoidanceIndirect taxEuropean Journal of Political Economy
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Intertemporal and interprovincial variations in income inequality: Spain, 1973–1991

2002

Goerlich F. J. and Mas M. (2002) Intertemporal and interprovincial variations in income inequality: Spain, 1973–1991, Reg. Studies 36, 1005–1015. The paper presents the main findings on personal income distribution for the Spanish provinces over the period 1973–91. The information comes from the three structural Household Budget Surveys and has been elaborated by the authors on a homogeneous base (available at: http://www.ivie.es). It starts by reviewing the information provided by some dispersion statistics, including kernel density functions, applied to the provincial Gini indices and Lorenz percentiles. It goes on to test, making use of an ANOVA model, two propositions related with inter…

MacroeconomicsEstimationInequalitybusiness.industrymedia_common.quotation_subjectGeneral Social SciencesDistribution (economics)Personal incomeEconomic inequalityIncome inequality metricsIncome distributionEconomicsEconometricsStatistical dispersionbusinessGeneral Environmental Sciencemedia_commonRegional Studies
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Public capital, productive efficiency and convergence in the Spanish regions (1964-93)

1998

This paper analyses the behaviour of productive efficiency in the Spanish regions for the period 1964–93. From a growth accounting approach, it describes the regional evolution of total factor productivity (TFP'), based on a private inputs production function. A stricter measure of efficiency is then quantified, which is not equivalent to Solow's residual, since public capital is included in the production function and constant returns to scale are not imposed. Finally, on the basis of the measures of total factor productivity and efficiency, the study discusses the existence of technological convergence among Spanish regions and the role played in it by public capital. The renewed interest…

MacroeconomicsProductive efficiencyEconomics and EconometricsReturns to scaleEconomicsFactors of productionProduction functionGrowth accountingPublic capitalPer capita incomeTotal factor productivity
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INTERNATIONAL AND INTERTEMPORAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT IN OECD COUNTRIES A GROWTH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

1997

This paper provides two new data sets for comparisons of real income in OECD countries. The first set provides adjusted real series for GDP and its components from 1960 to 1993 based on OECD 1990 purchasing power parities. The second set uses OECD PPP of different benchmark years, and interpolates these applying national price indices. Comparisons between both alternatives, Penn World Tahle Mark 5 (PWT 5) and its new version (PWT 5.6), in terms of economic growth and convergence, reveal some remarkable differences. Moreover, there are wider differences concerning the relative countries' position in GDP per capita ranking. Estimations of convergence equations based on OECD data yield a bette…

MacroeconomicsReal incomeEconomics and EconometricsRankingPrice indexYield (finance)EconometricsPurchasing powerPer capitaEconomicsPosition (finance)Convergence (economics)Review of Income and Wealth
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Depression comorbid with tuberculosis and its impact on health status: cross-sectional analysis of community-based data from 48 low- and middle-incom…

2017

Background Depression in tuberculosis increases the risk for adverse health outcomes. However, little is known about comorbid depression and tuberculosis in the general population. Thus, we assessed the association between depression and tuberculosis, and the decrements in health status associated with this comorbidity in 48 low- and middle-income countries. Methods Cross-sectional, community-based data from the World Health Survey on 242,952 individuals aged ≥ 18 years were analyzed. Based on the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, past 12-month depression was categorized into depressive episode, brief depressive episode, subsyndromal dep…

Male*Low- and middle-income countriesEpidemiologyHealth Statuslcsh:MedicineComorbidity*EpidemiologyGlobal Health0302 clinical medicineRisk FactorsEpidemiologyPrevalenceNot known030212 general & internal medicineDepressió psíquicaDepression (differential diagnoses)education.field_of_studyLow- and middle-income countriesDepressionGeneral MedicineMiddle Aged3. Good healthMental depressionIncomeFemaleResearch ArticleManagement of depressionAdultDepression; Epidemiology; Low- and middle-income countries; Tuberculosismedicine.medical_specialtyTuberculosisTuberculosiPopulationPain03 medical and health sciencesComorbiditatmedicineHumansTuberculosisEpidemiologiaPsychiatryeducationAgedbusiness.industryPublic healthlcsh:R*Depressionmedicine.diseaseHealth SurveysMental healthComorbiditySelf CareCross-Sectional StudiesSocial Classbusiness*Tuberculosis030217 neurology & neurosurgeryBMC Medicine
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Mild cognitive impairment is associated with fall-related injury among adults aged ≥65 years in low- and middle-income countries.

2021

Abstract Objectives There is a scarcity of data on the association between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and falls, especially from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where 70% of all older adults reside. Thus, we investigated the association between MCI and fall-related injury among older adults residing in six LMICs (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa). Design Cross-sectional, community-based data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. Methods The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer's Association criteria, and information on past 12-month fall-related injury was also collected. Multivariable l…

Male0301 basic medicineChinaAgingIndiaPoison controlLogistic regressionGhanaBiochemistrySuicide preventionOccupational safety and healthRussiaOdds*Low-and-middle-income countriesSouth Africa03 medical and health sciencesOlder adults.0302 clinical medicineEndocrinologyRisk FactorsFall-related injuryInjury preventionmental disorders*Fall-related injuryPrevalenceGeneticsHumansMedicine*Mild cognitive impairmentCognitive DysfunctionDeveloping CountriesMexicoMolecular BiologyAged*Older adultsbusiness.industryConfoundingMild cognitive impairmentHuman factors and ergonomicsSmith L. Jacob L. Kostev K. Butler L. Barnett Y. Pfeifer B. Soysal P. Grabovac I. López-Sánchez G. F. Veronese N. et al. -Mild cognitive impairment is associated with fall-related injury among adults aged ≥65 years in low- and middle-income countries.- Experimental gerontology ss.111222 2020Cell BiologyCross-Sectional Studies030104 developmental biologyLow-and-middle-income countrieAccidental FallsFemalebusiness030217 neurology & neurosurgeryDemography
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