Search results for "Income"

ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS CYCLES CONVERGENCE IN A SWITCHING REGIME VIEW

2012

In this paper I analyzed the convergence between Romanian and Euro Zone`s business cycles using a Switching approach. Considering the evolution of final consumption expenditure as proxy for the business cycles, the underlying study is calibrated on the second key feature of Burns and Mitchell`s (1946) definition about business cycles, namely the cycles are divided and also treated differently for cases of expansionary and downward regimes. Therefore a cyclical convergence between Romanian and Euro Zone`s business cycles is characterized by synchronization in the occurrence of different regimes (states) and also in the time for which these regimes are standing up. For this purpose, I called …

Human Capital and Income Inequality: Some Facts and Some Puzzles

2012

Using a broad number of indicators from an updated data set on human capital inequality for 146 countries from 1950 to 2010, this paper documents several facts regarding the evolution of income and human capital inequality. The main findings reveal that, in spite of a large reduction in human capital inequality around the world driven by a decline in the number of illiterates of several hundreds of millions of people, the inequality in the distribution of income has hardly changed. In many regions, the income Gini coefficient in 1960 was very similar to that in 2005. Therefore, improvements in literacy are not a sufficient condition to reduce income inequality, even though they improve life…

Vulnerability of the unbanked : evidence from a developing country

2016

Financial exclusion is an apparent phenomenon globally, the majority of people without bank accounts living in the developing countries. Those who lack access to financial services could experience vulnerability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to unfold the vulnerability of the low-income unbanked consumers in a Pakistani context. Qualitative data were gathered from low-income unbanked consumers through in-depth interviews. The findings suggest that unbanked consumers are vulnerable in many ways. The participants faced several negative consequences due to their financial exclusion, which resulted into their personal, economic and social detriment. Based on our study findings, we p…

Secular rise in economically valuable personality traits

2017

Although trends in many physical characteristics and cognitive capabilities of modern humans are well-documented, less is known about how personality traits have evolved over time. We analyze data from a standardized personality test administered to 79% of Finnish men born between 1962 and 1976 (n = 419,523) and find steady increases in personality traits that predict higher income in later life. The magnitudes of these trends are similar to the simultaneous increase in cognitive abilities, at 0.2-0.6 SD during the 15-y window. When anchored to earnings, the change in personality traits amounts to a 12% increase. Both personality and cognitive ability have consistent associations with famil…

Panama and the WTO: new constitutionalism of trade policy and global tax governance

2017

"Corrigendum" in Review of International Political Economy, 24(4), p. 738 (DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2017.1332547). Tax havens and tax flight have lately received increasing attention, while interest toward multilateral trade policies has somewhat diminished. We argue that more attention needs to be paid exactly to the interrelations between trade and tax policies. Drawing from two case studies on Panama's trade disputes, we show how World Trade Organization (WTO) rules can be used both to resist attempts to sanction secrecy structures and to promote measures against tax flight. The theory of new constitutionalism can help to explain how trade treaties can 'lock in' tax policies. However, our c…

The acquisition of early reading skills : the influence of the home environment in Lusaka, Zambia

2014

From accrued to paid income tax: A review of effective tax rate calculation

2019

Los estudios que han tratado de valorar la presión fiscal de una sociedad como consecuencia del impuesto sobre sociedades recurren generalmente al impuesto devengado como aproximación, aun sabiendo que difícilmente coincidirá con la cantidad verdaderamente pagada. Sin embargo, como consecuencia de los cambios producidos en las cuentas anuales para su adaptación a la normativa internacional, contamos con una información adicional en el balance (activos y pasivos fiscales) que hace posible obtener el importe del impuesto sobre beneficios pagado por las empresas, pudiendo medir de forma más precisa su verdadera presión fiscal. Teniendo en cuenta esta circunstancia y que ya disponemos de inform…

Why the share of small amount pensions is so substantial in Latvia?

2018

More than 70% of all old-age pensions in Latvia are smaller than 300 euro, which is close to the monetary value of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. There is a number of reasons for it: the lack of non-contributory component and inadequately low minimum pensions, the absence of redistribution mechanisms in the mandatory notional defined contribution (pillar I) and funded (pillar II) schemes, an unfair conversion of pre-reform employment record into pension formula, and a high tax burden on pensioners. The authors proposed a package of measures to improve the situation: an introduction of basis pensions, linking minimum pensions to the country average wages, increasing income tax exempt for …

Emotional correlates of body weight: The moderating effects of gender and family income

2011

Abstract This study explored emotional correlates of relative body weight in a sample of 187 male and 269 female college students. The contribution of relative body weight, gender, family income and their interactions to variables related to anxiety and anger were evaluated by multiple regression procedures. Relative body weight was positively related to trait anxiety, especially among those with lower family incomes. Increased body weight was also related to trait anger and an anger-out expression style, but only among men. These results suggest that gender and family income moderate the contribution of relative body weight to anxiety and anger, both central aspects of a 'disease-prone per…

Immigrants’ Networks, Distance, and Trade Creation Effects: An Study Employing Province-Level Data for Italy, Spain and Portugal

2014

Neoclassical trade theory assumed international flows of goods (commodities) to be substituting for people (factor) flows under certain circumstances. However, recent empirical evidence shows a complementary relationship between these two types of flows, with migration creating new trade exchanges. Immigrants tend to form networks across borders, reducing fixed trade costs. They also retain some preference for their home-produced goods. These two channels provide the rationale of the immigration trade-enhancing linkage. In this study we investigate that issue for the cases of Italy, Spain and Portugal, employing province-level data for the period 2002–2010. Results show that the first chann…