Search results for "Infrasound"

Gas mass derived by infrasound and UV cameras: Implications for mass flow rate

2016

Abstract Mass Flow Rate is one of the most crucial eruption source parameter used to define magnitude of eruption and to quantify the ash dispersal in the atmosphere. However, this parameter is in general difficult to be derived and no valid technique has been developed yet to measure it in real time with sufficient accuracy. Linear acoustics has been applied to infrasonic pressure waves generated by explosive eruptions to indirectly estimate the gas mass erupted and then the mass flow rate. Here, we test on Stromboli volcano (Italy) the performance of such methodology by comparing the acoustic derived results with independent gas mass estimates obtained with UV cameras, and constraining th…

Ash-plume dynamics and eruption source parameters by infrasound and thermal imagery: The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

2013

During operational ash-cloud forecasting, prediction of ash concentration and total erupted mass directly depends on the determination of mass eruption rate (MER), which is typically inferred from plume height. Uncertainties for plume heights are large, especially for bent-over plumes in which the ascent dynamics are strongly affected by the surrounding wind field. Here we show how uncertainties can be reduced if MER is derived directly from geophysical observations of source dynamics. The combination of infrasound measurements and thermal camera imagery allows for the infrasonic type of source to be constrained (a dipole in this case) and for the plume exit velocity to be calculated (54–14…

The effect of low frequency noise on the behaviour of juvenile Sparus aurata.

2020

[EN] Anthropogenic activities are causing increased noise levels in the marine environment. To date, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the effects of different noise frequencies on the behaviour of juvenile fish. In this study, the behavioural changes of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) are evaluated when exposed to white noise filtered in third-octave bands centred at 63, 125, 500, and 1000 Hz (sound pressure level, 140-150 dB re 1 mu& x3a1;a) for 7 h. The group dispersion, motility, and swimming height of the fish were analysed before and during the acoustic emission. Dispersion of the fish was found to reduce immediately upon application of low frequency sound (63…

Modeling of the Low-Frequency Noise in Thermal Lens Spectrometry

1998

The low-frequency noise observed in thermal lens spectrometry (TLS) can be modeled by assuming that the heated region, constituted by the thermal lens gradient and associated convective stream, behaves as a weakly damped harmonic oscillator with a natural frequency, vo, which is forced to move at an externally imposed pump frequency, vp. Out-of-phase lower-frequency oscillations of the TLS signal can be produced both by transient events, such as the beginning of the TLS experiment and small changes in the pump beam stability, and by drift of boundary conditions, such as the temperature of the surroundings. A model is developed and checked using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol (PAN) solutions in …

The 15 March 2007 explosive crisis at Stromboli Volcano, Italy: assessing physical parameters through a multidisciplinary approach

2011

Basaltic volcanoes are dominated by lava emission and mild explosive activity. Nevertheless, many basaltic systems exhibit, from time to time, poorly documented and little-understood violent explosions. A short-lived, multiblast explosive crisis (paroxysmal explosion) occurred on 15 March 2007 during an effusive eruptive crisis at Stromboli (Italy). The explosive crisis, which started at 20:38:14 UT, had a total duration of ∼5 min. The combined use of multiparametric data collected by the permanent instrumental networks (seismic, acoustic, and thermal records) and a field survey carried out immediately after the event enabled us to constrain the eruptive dynamics and quantify physical param…

BLAST WAVES AT YASUR VOLCANO

2013

Infrasonic and seismic waveforms were collected during violent strombolian activity at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu). Averaging similar to 3000 seismic events showed stable waveforms, evidencing a low-frequency (0.1-0.3Hz) signal preceding similar to 5-6s the explosion. Infrasonic waveforms were mostly asymmetric with a sharp compressive (5-106Pa) onset, followed by a small long-lasting rarefaction phase. Regardless of the pressure amplitude, the ratio between the positive and negative phases was constant. These waveform characteristics closely resembled blast waves. Infrared imagery showed an apparent cold spherical front similar to 20 m thick, which moved between 342 and 405m/s before the explo…

Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example

2013

[1] In contrast to the seismic and infrasonic energy released from quiescent and erupting volcanoes, which have long been known to manifest episodes of highly periodic behavior, the spectral properties of volcanic gas flux time series remain poorly constrained, due to a previous lack of hightemporal resolution gas-sensing techniques. Here we report on SO2 flux measurements, performed on Mount Etna with a novel UV imaging technique of unprecedented sampling frequency (0.5Hz), which reveal, for the first time, a rapid periodic structure in degassing from this target. These gas flux modulations have considerable temporal variability in their characteristics and involve two period bands: 40–250…

Gravity waves from an extratropical cyclone hitting Iceland

2015

Experimental investigation of the kink effect and the low frequency noise properties in pseudomorphic HEMT’s

2005

The kink effect in low-noise pseudomorphic (AlGaAs/InGaAs) HEMT's has been examined in detail by investigating the steady-state and pulsed I-V characteristics, the behavior of the output conductance dispersion and the performance of the gate leakage current to understand its origin. No clear evidence of impact ionization occurrence in the InGaAs channel at kink bias conditions (V-DS.kink = 1.5 V) has been found, thus suggesting that the predominant mechanism should be attributed to trap-related phenomena. A significant rise of the gate current has been found at very high drain voltages (far from V-DS.kink) associated with low drain current values which is probably due to impact ionization o…

Reduction of Convective Low-Frequency Noise in Thermal Lens Spectrometry

1990

The construction and optimization of a thermal lens spectrometer with coaxial pump/probe configuration is reported. The low-frequency noise of convective origin is studied in detail, and it is demonstrated that a horizontal slit, instead of a pinhole, can be used as a simple way of reducing the noise to a negligible level without losing sensitivity.