Search results for "Innate"
showing 10 items of 638 documents
Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors as Nutritional Activators of Innate Immunity
2015
While the central role of an adaptive, T cell-mediated immune response to certain gluten peptides in celiac disease is well established, the innate immune response to wheat proteins remains less well defined. We identified wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), but not gluten, as major stimulators of innate immune cells (dendritic cells > macrophages > monocytes), while intestinal epithelial cells were nonresponsive. ATIs bind to and activate the CD14-MD2 toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex. This activation occurs both in vitro and in vivo after oral ingestion of purified ATIs or gluten, which is usually enriched in ATIs. Wheat ATIs represent a family of up to 17 proteins with molec…
Ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease?
2021
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with hallmarks of both autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathology. In this Review, the authors examine the evidence for both disease processes and aim to reconcile the two.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Unlike other systemic autoimmune diseases, in AS, the innate immune system has a dominant role characterized by aberrant activity of innate and innate-like immune cells, including gamma delta T cells, group 3 innate lymphoid cells, neutrophils, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and mast cells, at sites predisposed to the disease. The intestine is involved in disease manifesta…
Liver-primed memory T cells generated under noninflammatory conditions provide anti-infectious immunity.
2013
SummaryDevelopment of CD8+ T cell (CTL) immunity or tolerance is linked to the conditions during T cell priming. Dendritic cells (DCs) matured during inflammation generate effector/memory T cells, whereas immature DCs cause T cell deletion/anergy. We identify a third outcome of T cell priming in absence of inflammation enabled by cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Such priming generated memory T cells that were spared from deletion by immature DCs. Similar to central memory T cells, liver-primed T cells differentiated into effector CTLs upon antigen re-encounter on matured DCs even after prolonged absence of antigen. Their reactivation required combinatorial signaling thro…
An innate cell-mediated, murine ulcerative colitis-like syndrome in the absence of nuclear factor of activated T cells.
2004
Abstract Background & Aims: Nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factors plays a central role in immunity by regulating the expression of multiple cytokines and other regulatory molecules, many of which have been heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, few studies have directly investigated the nuclear factor of activated T cells proteins in inflammatory bowel disease. We describe here a specific role for nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 in the pathogenesis of murine inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Mice deficient for nuclear factor of activated T cells c2, recombinase activating gene-2, or both and transgenic or nontransgenic fo…
Host immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection
2010
Species of the genus Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites (Apicomplexa) that cause gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Of these Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the major causative agents of human cryptosporidiosis. Whereas infection is self-limiting in the immunocompetent hosts, immunocompromised individuals develop a chronic, life-threatening disease. As specific therapeutic or preventive interventions are not yet available, better understanding of the immune response to the parasite is required. This minireview briefly summarizes the factors involved in the innate and acquired immune response in this pathogen-host interaction with an emphasis on more recent da…
Different Efficiency of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) to Activate Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Superiority of HSP60
2002
Abstract One essential immunoregulatory function of heat shock protein (HSP) is activation of the innate immune system. We investigated the activation of human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) by recombinant human HSP60, human inducible HSP72, and preparations of human gp96 and HSP70 under stringent conditions, in the absence of serum and with highly purified monocytes. HSP60 induced human DC maturation and activated human DC to secrete proinflammatory cytokines. HSP72 induced DC maturation to a lesser extent, but activated human monocytes and immature DC as efficiently as HSP60 to release proinflammatory cytokines. The independence of the effects of HSP60 and HSP72 from …
Role of TLR Polymorphisms in Immunosenescence
2009
Innate immunity provides a first line of host defense against infection through microbial recognition and killing while simultaneously activating a clonotypic immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are principal mediators of rapid microbial recognition and function mainly by detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that do not exist in the host. The different members of TLRs recognize several PAMPs, such as peptidoglycan for TLR2, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for TLR4, flagellin for TLR5, and CpGDNA-repeats for TLR9. Several endogenous ligands of various TLRs have been also identified in the host. In this chapter, we describe the involvement of TLR-4 polymorphisms in imm…
The Mitochondrial Targeting Chaperone 14-3-3ε Regulates a RIG-I Translocon that Mediates Membrane Association and Innate Antiviral Immunity
2012
SummaryRIG-I is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that initiates immune responses against RNA viruses. Upon viral RNA recognition, antiviral signaling requires RIG-I redistribution from the cytosol to membranes where it binds the adaptor protein, MAVS. Here we identify the mitochondrial targeting chaperone protein, 14-3-3ε, as a RIG-I-binding partner and essential component of a translocation complex or “translocon” containing RIG-I, 14-3-3ε, and the TRIM25 ubiquitin ligase. The RIG-I translocon directs RIG-I redistribution from the cytosol to membranes where it mediates MAVS-dependent innate immune signaling during acute RNA virus infection. 14-3-3ε is essential for the stable inte…
Effects of essential oils and selected compounds from Lamiaceae family as adjutants on the treatment of subjects with periodontitis and cardiovascula…
2021
Essential oils from different plant species were found to contain different compounds exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects with the potential to be a valid alternative to conventional chemotherapy that is limited in long-term use due to its serious side effects. Generally, the first mechanism by which an organism counteracts injurious stimuli is inflammation, which is considered a part of the innate immune system. Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease caused by a dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiome that triggers an exacerbated immune response of the host. The immune–inflammatory component leads to the destruction of gingival and alveolar bone tissue. The main anti-infl…
Insect Immune Evasion by Dauer and Nondauer Entomopathogenic Nematodes
2021
The immune response of animals, including insects, is overcome by some parasites. For example, dauer larvae (DL) of the obligate entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Heterorhabditis and Steinernema can invade insects, evade their defenses, and cause death. Although DL were long assumed to be the only infective stage of nematodes, recent reports suggest that L2-L3 larvae of facultative EPNs are also capable of killing insects. There are no studies, to our knowledge, about the role of nonimmunological barriers (the exoskeleton and its openings) in avoiding infection by DL and L2-L3 larvae, or whether these larval stages evade the host immune system in the same way. The objective of this study wa…