Search results for "Iran"
showing 10 items of 347 documents
Negotiating informal housing in Metro Manila : forging communities through participation
2016
This research project examines socialized housing programs available to informal settlers in the megacity of Metro Manila, Philippines, and the socio-political and institutional relationships that enable or impede access to housing. Megacities are urban agglomerations with populations of over 10 million inhabitants and Asia and Africa contain some of the fastest growing cities in the world. The challenge of Southern governments to meet the housing needs of hundreds of thousands of urban poor is exacerbated by the influx of migrants into these economic hubs, the scarcity of land for low-income housing and the inequalities and infrastructure deficiencies in developing countries’ cities. The s…
Kun äiti käyttää väkivaltaa : lastensuojelun sosiaalityöntekijöiden näkemyksiä
2014
Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella äitien lapsiinsa kohdistamaa väkivaltaa ilmiönä. Tutkimusaineiston olen kerännyt haastattelemalla kahdessa eri kaupungissa työskenteleviä kuutta lastensuojelun sosiaalityöntekijää. Tutkielmastani valmistui ensin työn teoreettinen viitekehys, jonka jälkeen toteutin haastatteluaineiston keräämisen. Haastatteluiden tuottaman tiedon avulla yritän vastata alla oleviin asettamiini tutkimusongelmiini. Kuinka usein ja millaisena ilmiönä naisten lapsiinsa kohdistama väkivalta näkyy lastensuojelussa? Määrittyykö ilmiö yhteiskunnassa sosiaaliseksi ongelmaksi? Millaisia seurauksia väkivallasta nähdään olevan? Millaista apua naiset ja lapset tarvitsevat? Mite…
Genus Indiopius Fischer, 1966 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) in Iran with a key to the world species
2014
The Iranian species belonging to the genus Indiopius Fischer are reviewed. A description of the first recorded female of I. cretensis Fischer, 1966 is provided. A key to the world species of the genus Indiopius is given.
La dialèctica corpus/estatus en la història de la llengua catalana. Cap a una explicació integral dels canvis lingüístics
2021
En aquest article advoquem per la superació de les dicotomies que parcel·len l’estudi dels fets de llengua (sincronia vs. diacronia, lingüística vs. sociolingüística, història interna vs. història externa), en pro d’un atansament que integri el màxim nombre de factors explicatius possibles. Un àmbit propici per a aquesta confluència és l’anàlisi dels canvis lingüístics en curs, que són aquells que tenen lloc en temps real davant dels ulls de l’investigador, el qual es pot beneficiar així de la proximitat a l’objecte d’estudi i de l’accessibilitat als múltiples factors que en condicionen l’evolució, sempre que sigui capaç de no implicar-s’hi en excés. L’anàlisi de les transformacions que s’o…
Synthesis and characterization of chiral phosphirane derivatives of [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)12] and their application in the hydrogenation of an α,β-unsaturate…
2017
Abstract Ruthenium clusters containing the chiral binaphthyl-derived mono-phosphiranes [(S)-([1,1′-binaphthalen]-2-yl)phosphirane] (S)-1a, [(R)-(2′-methoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-yl)phosphirane] (R)-1b, and the diphosphirane [2,2′-di(phosphiran-1-yl)-1,1′-binaphthalene] (S)-1c have been synthesized and characterized. The clusters are [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((S)-1a)] (S)-2, [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((R)-1b)] (R)-3, 1,1-[(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)10((S)-1c)] (S)-4, [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((S)-binaphthyl-P(s)(H)Et)] (S,Sp)-5, [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((S)-binaphthyl-P(R)(H)Et)] (S,Rp)-6, [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((R)-binaphthyl-P(s)(H)Et)] (R,Sp)-7, [(μ-H)4Ru4(CO)11((R)-binaphthyl-P(R)(H)Et)] (R,Rp)-8 and the phosphinidene-capped triruthenium cluster …
Oxyfunctionalization of Aliphatic Esters by Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane
1996
The oxidation of lineal, cyclic, and bicyclic aliphatic p-chlorobenzoic and p-chorobenzenesulfonic acid esters 2 with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (TFDO) (1) occurs at positions in the hydrocarbon chain distant from the directing group with a significant degree of selectivity to give the corresponding keto or hydroxy esters. Compounds 2 are relatively deactivated with respect to this oxidation due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the ester moiety. Methylene Cα−H and Cβ−H bonds remain unchanged in all cases, but tertiary Cβ−H bonds undergo oxidation with TFDO (1). Stereoelectronic factors are used to explain the faster reaction rate in competition experiments for the oxidation of en…
Mechanism of the Oxidation of Sulfides by Dioxiranes. 1. Intermediacy of a 10-S-4 Hypervalent Sulfur Adduct
2002
Earlier studies established that dimethyldioxirane (1a) reacts with sulfides 2 in two consecutive concerted electrophilic oxygen-transfer steps to give first sulfoxides 3 and then sulfones 4. The same sequential electrophilic oxidation model was assumed for the reaction of sulfides 2 with the strongly electrophilic methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (1b). In this paper we report on a systematic and general study on the mechanism of the reaction of simple sulfides 2 with DMDO (1a) and TFDO (1b) which provides clear evidence for the involvement of hypervalent sulfur species in the oxidation process. In the oxidation of sulfides 2a-c, diphenyl sulfide (2d), para-substituted aryl methyl sulfides …
Iodomethane Oxidation by Dimethyldioxirane: A New Route to Hypoiodous Acid and Iodohydrines
1999
The oxidation of iodomethane with dimethyldioxirane allows the generation of stable neutral solutions of hypoiodous acid in the absence of any trapping agent for iodide anion. Hypoiodous acid is trapped in situ by addition to representative olefins to give iodohydrines in good yields. The stereochemical study of the products shows the anti-stereospecific nature of the iodohydroxylation reaction.
Mechanism of the oxidation of sulfides by dioxiranes: conformational mobility and transannular interaction in the oxidation of thianthrene 5-oxide.
2004
The detailed study of the oxidation of thianthrene 5-oxide (1) with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (5b) in different solvents and in the presence of (18)O isotopic tracers is reported. Thianthrene 5-oxide (1) is a flexible molecule in solution, and this property allows for transannular interaction of the sulfoxide group with the expected zwitterionic 7 and hypervalent 10-S-4 sulfurane 9 intermediates formed in the oxidation and biases the course of the reaction toward the monooxygenation pathway.
On the Reactivity of C(sp3)–H σ-Bonds: Oxygenation with Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane
2008
The reactivity of C–H σ-bonds of a series of 2-substituted adamantanes 2 towards methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (1) shows a consistent dependence on the electron-withdrawing ability, either inductive or by resonance, of the substituent. The results are interpreted in terms of the ability of the substrate molecule to delocalize the electronic perturbation of the reacting center at the beginning of the reaction path. The model shows that the electronic demand from the reacting C–H σ-bond is transmitted along the substrate through a chain of hyperconjugative interactions, the relative intensities of which depend on the σ-bonds involved. The substrate molecule simultaneously provides positive…