Search results for "LABOUR"
showing 10 items of 655 documents
Trafficking and labour exploitation in domestic work and the agricultural sector in Italy
2016
In Italy, as in many European countries, agriculture and domestic work are sectors characterised by high levels of irregular work without contract and with no respect of minimum pay, humane living conditions or access to basic services. Generalised informality however sometimes leads to cases of sever exploitation and outright human trafficking. This report focuses on the conditions that can lead from irregular work to abuse and trafficking in agriculture and domestic work – we question the cultural and economic aspects that make such situations possible. We also review the relevant legislation punishing exploiters and protecting victims with a view of identifying existing gaps and make sug…
In-Work Benefits for Married Couples: An Ex-Ante Evaluation of EITC and WTC Policies in Italy
2012
This paper investigates labor supply and redistributive effects of in-work benefits for Italian married couples using a tax-benefit microsimulation model and a multi-sectoral discrete choice model of labor supply. We consider in-work benefits based on the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Working Tax Credit (WTC) existing in the US and the UK, respectively. The standard design of these income support mechanisms is however augmented with a premium for two-earner households to avoid potential disincentive effects on secondary earners. Revenue neutral policy simulations show that our reforms may greatly improve the current Italian tax-benefit system in terms of both incentive and redistr…
Earnings conservatism: panel data evidence from the European Union and the United States
2006
This paper focuses on earnings conservatism, and provides new evidence based on procedures that account for variability at the firm level, drawing a comparison between the European Union and the United States. A key finding is that the estimated responsiveness of earnings to bad news is substantially higher when unobserved firm-specific effects are modelled. Furthermore, it is shown that accounting has become more conservative not only in the U.S. but also in the EU when taken as a whole, and there is little evidence of marked differences in the asymmetric timeliness of earnings between the two. Indeed, any changes in this property of earnings are likely to be attributable to a common facto…
Women’s Approach to Economics and Firms
2011
Women and works by female economists appeared in the economic literature of the Classical and Neoclassical periods. While a portion of such literature popularized the approaches of male economists, others part criticized some established views, especially those dealing with wages, education, and the position of women in the family. The objective of this article is to analyze the main economic approaches held by women, starting with an analysis of the situation of women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The differences between women’s thoughts on economics and the classical and neoclassical economic approaches are considered, as well as women’s thoughts on productivity and firm’s a…
The Effects of Taxation on Migration: Some Evidence for the ASEAN and APEC Economies
2010
This paper investigates the effects of taxation on migration. It develops a stylized, two-country model to examine the impact of taxes on labor mobility. The theoretical predictions that taxes affect migration decisions and that educated workers are more responsive to taxation are supported by some empirical evidence for the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The empirical application also shows that average tax rates have a larger impact on migration choices than marginal rates. Average tax rates are most important for migrants with secondary education, while marginal rates have a greater influence on the decisions of migrants…
Overcoming the crisis : the changing profile and trajectories of Latvian migrants
2016
The work was funded by the National Research Programme [grant number 5.2.4] and the Latvian Council of Sciences [grant number 514/2012]. Taking mobility between Latvia and Western Europe as an empirical lens, this analysis explores the complex relationship between spatial disparities in earning potential and migration. The very dramatic shifts in the economic and political context against which migration from Latvia has occurred over the period 2004-2012 make it an especially apposite focus of research investigating the link between mobility and labour market circumstances. As an analytical starting point, conventional economic theory broadly explains the movement of workers from lower to h…
The cost of market power in banking: Social welfare loss vs. cost inefficiency
2007
Abstract This paper analyses the relationship between market power in the loan and deposit markets and efficiency in the EU-15 countries over 1993–2002. Results show the existence of a positive relationship between market power and cost X-efficiency, allowing rejection of the so-called quiet life hypothesis [Berger, A.N., Hannan, T.H., 1998. The efficiency cost of market power in the banking industry: A test of the ‘quiet life’ and related hypotheses. Review of Economics and Statistics 8 (3), 454–465]. The social welfare loss attributable to market power in 2002 represented 0.54% of the GDP of the EU-15. Results show that the welfare gains associated with a reduction of market power are gre…
Role of NGOs in the implementation of active labour market policies
2012
PurposeThis is a mixed method comparative case study. The aim of this paper is to find the role played by non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in the implementation of the active labour market policies (ALMPs) of Finland and Sweden, and also the relationship that the NGOs have with the government of the two countries.Design/methodology/approachTwo NGOs were selected in Finland and one NGO was selected in Sweden for the data collection. The two selected NGOs in Finland were Jyväskylän Katulähetys in the City of Jyväskylä and Pirkanmaan Sininauha in the City of Tampere. Meanwhile, the one selected NGO in Sweden was Stockholms Stadsmission in the City of Stockholm. Primary data were collected…
Spain: A Success Story Shadowed Only by a Poor Productivity Performance
2007
Since joining the European Union in 1986, the performance of the Spanish economy has been quite remarkable, acting as a good example for new entrants of what can be accomplished in twenty years. Its ability to generate employment has been astonishing. Departing from an environment of very high unemployment (close to 25 per cent), Spain has become the country of destination most preferred by immigrants. However, it has also had a scant productivity performance. The main burden on productivity growth lies with the construction sector and almost all private service sectors with the unique exception of the financial sector. Most likely, over the next years, the continuity of the Spanish success…
Some facts behind graduate’s entrepreneurship in Europe
2010
As carcterísticas educacionais, motivacionais e econômicas são analizadasnuma amostra de jovens pós-graduados europeus para identifi car os elementos diferenciais do espírito empresarial. Os resultados sugerem, em primeiro lugar, queo gênero e o país de origem são relevantes para a decisão de se tornar um empresário;segundo, que os futuros empresários antcipam as demandas mais elevadasde competência que eles enfrentarão e se comportam consistentemente duranteos seus estudos; e, terceiro, que através do espírito empresarial os pós-graduadosconseguem rendas mais elevadas e situações de trabalho mais satisfatórias do quepor meio de outras formas de participação laboral.